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GI Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The purpose of peristalsis is to _

A

The purpose of peristalsis is to propel contents along the GI tract
* A ring of contraction pushes the bolus forward, widened segment receives the bolus

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2
Q

Behind the bolus, _ muscle is contracted and _ muscle is relaxed

A

Behind the bolus, circular muscle is contracted and longitudinal muscle is relaxed
* GIT is narrow, elongated

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3
Q

In front of the bolus, _ is contracted and _ is relaxed

A

In front of the bolus, longitudinal muscle is contracted and circular muscle is relaxed
* GIT is wide and shortened

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4
Q

Segmentation is _

A

Segmentation is back and forth movement of chyme that allows mixing without forward movement
* Alternating motion of circular muscle

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5
Q

Parasympathetic nerves originate in _ regions while sympathetic nerves originate in _

A

Parasympathetic nerves originate in brain, sacral spinal cord regions while sympathetic nerves originate in thoracic, lumbar

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6
Q

_ are the cells responsible for generation of slow waves

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal are the cells responsible for generation of slow waves
* “Pacemaker cells”

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7
Q

Electrical activity spreads through the smooth muscle cells of the GIT via _

A

Electrical activity spreads through the smooth muscle cells of the GIT via gap junctions
* Interstitial cells of cajal are generating slow waves spontaneously

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8
Q

How do slow waves influence action potential firing?

A

If the depolarization caused by slow wave exceeds threshold, action potentials are triggered during slow wave peak
* Higher membrane potential –> greater frequency of action potentials –> stronger contraction

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9
Q

_ and _ are neurotransmitters from excitatory enteric nerves that depolarize the smooth muscle cell membrane

A

ACh and Substance P are neurotransmitters from excitatory enteric nerves that depolarize the smooth muscle cell membrane

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10
Q

_ and _ are inhibitory factors that hyperpolarize the smooth muscle cell membrane

A

NO and VIP are inhibitory factors that hyperpolarize the smooth muscle cell membrane

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11
Q

When we swallow, enteric neurons release VIP and NO to cause _ and _

A

When we swallow, enteric neurons release VIP and NO to cause hyperpolarization and relaxation
* The lower esophageal sphincter and proximal stomach relax

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12
Q

The _ region of the stomach regulates gastric emptying

A

The pylorus regulates the rate of gastric emptying

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13
Q

The _ offers feedback control of gastric emptying

A

The duodenum offers feedback control of gastric emptying

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14
Q

The _ and _ regions of the stomach are responsible for mixing and grinding

A

The distal body and antrum regions of the stomach are responsible for mixing and grinding
* The most vigorus peristalsis and mixing occur close to the pylorus

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15
Q

Explain retropulsion

A

Retropulsion is when the pyloric end of the stomach pumps small amounts of chyme into the duodenum, while simultaneously forcing most of its contents backward into the stomach

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16
Q

The rate of gastric emptying depends on _ , _ , and _

A

The rate of gastric emptying depends on volume , physical state , and composition of a meal

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17
Q

During the fed state, we have background _ movements occuring

A

During the fed state, we have alternating segmentation and peristalsis

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18
Q

During the fasting state, we have _ movement in the background

A

During the fasting state, we have migrating motor complex

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19
Q

How do segmentation and peristalsis promote digestion and absorption?

A

Alternating segmentation and peristalsis:
1. Mixes luminal contents with pancreatic, biliary, small intestinal secretions to enhance digestion
2. Allows luminal contents greater contact with the mucosa to promote absorption

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20
Q

_ are strong waves of contraction that sweep from the stomach to the ileum between meals

A

Migrating motor complex are strong waves of contraction that sweep from the stomach to the ileum between meals

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21
Q

MMC is initiated by release of the hormone _ which is released from cells in the _

A

MMC is initiated by release of the hormone motilin which is released from cells in the small intestine

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22
Q

_ is the name for segmentation in the colon

A

Haustral shuttling is the name for segmentation in the colon

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23
Q

_ is the name for peristalsis in the colon

A

Mass movements is the name for peristalsis in the colon

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24
Q

Haustral shuttling in the colon helps to allow _ and _

A

Haustral shuttling in the colon helps to allow water absorption and compaction

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25
Q

Mass movements in the colon are stimulated by _

A

Mass movements in the colon are stimulated by contents in the stomach and duodenum
* Gastrocolic reflex

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the gastrocolic reflex?

A

The gastrocolic reflex is the mass movement in the colon that allows the colon to empty when there is food coming in the stomach and duodenum; helps to make room for the next bolus

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27
Q

Brush boarder enzymes are made by _ to aid in digestion and absorption

A

Brush boarder enzymes are made by enterocytes to aid in digestion and absorption

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28
Q

Amino acids and sugars get absorbed into _

A

Amino acids and sugars get absorbed into bloodstream

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29
Q

Fatty acids and glycerol get absorbed into _

A

Fatty acids and glycerol get absorbed into lymph

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30
Q

The salivary enzyme _ begins carbohydrate digestion at the mouth

A

The salivary enzyme alpha-amylase begins carbohydrate digestion at the mouth
* Salivary alpha amylase

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31
Q

The exocrine pancreas also secretes _ to aid in carbohydrate digestion

A

The exocrine pancreas also secretes alpha-amylase to aid in carbohydrate digestion
* Pancreatic alpha amylase

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32
Q

_ , _ , _ are brush border enzymes that help to break down carbohydrates

A

Maltase , sucrase , lactase are brush border enzymes that help to break down carbohydrates
* These break down maltose, sucrose, lactose –> glucose, galactose, fructose

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33
Q

Fructose is transported across the apical/luminal membrane via _

A

Fructose is transported across the apical/luminal membrane via facilitated diffusion through GLUT-5

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34
Q

Glucose and galactose are transported across the apical/luminal membrane via _

A

Glucose and galactose are transported across the apical/luminal membrane via SGLT-1
* Secondary transport coupled to Na+

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35
Q

_ and _ travel via SGLT-1

A

Glucose and galactose travel via SGLT-1

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36
Q

Glucose, galactose, and fructose all travel across the basolateral membrane via the _ transporter

A

Glucose, galactose, and fructose all travel across the basolateral membrane via the GLUT-2

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37
Q

Protein digestion begins at the stomach with the enzyme _

A

Protein digestion begins at the stomach with the enzyme pepsin
* Chief cells make pepsinogen –> HCl cleavage –> pepsin

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38
Q

Proteases are released from the _ and active in the _

A

Proteases are released from the pancreas and active in the duodenum

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39
Q

The brush border enzymes that break down proteins are called _

A

The brush border enzymes that break down proteins are called peptidases
* Ex: enterokinase

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40
Q

Proteins must be in the form of _ or _ for absorption

A

Proteins must be in the form of amino acids or di- and tripeptides for absorption

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41
Q

Amino acids get absorbed across the apical membrane via _

A

Amino acids get absorbed across the apical membrane via secondary active transport coupled to Na+

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42
Q

Dipeptides and tripeptides get absorbed across the apical membrane via _

A

Dipeptides and tripeptides get absorbed across the apical membrane via pepT1
* Secondary active transport coupled to H+

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43
Q

Amino acids travel across the basolateral membrane via _

A

Amino acids travel across the basolateral membrane via facilitated diffusion

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44
Q

Pancreatic proteases are secreted as _ and activated in the small intestine

A

Pancreatic proteases are secreted as inactive zymogens and activated in the small intestine

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45
Q

_ is a brush border enzyme that converts trypsinogen to active trypsin

A

Enterokinase is a brush border enzyme that converts trypsinogen to active trypsin

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46
Q

Why is enterokinase so important to protein digestion and absorption?

A

Enterokinase converts trypsinogen –> active trypsin
* Trypsin converts the other pancreatic proteases to their active form

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47
Q

Digestion of lipids begins at the mouth with _

A

Digestion of lipids begins at the mouth with lingual lipase

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48
Q

Emulsification of fats involves _ organ

A

Emulsification of the fats involves bile components

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49
Q

Why must fats be in the form of micelles for absorption?

A

Lipase is hydrophilic and can only digest fat on the perimeter; micelles help to increase surface area

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50
Q

Fatty acids and monoglycerides move across the apical membrane via _

A

Fatty acids and monoglycerides move across the apical membrane via simple diffusion (lipophilic)

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51
Q

Triglycerol and fat-soluble substances get packaged into lipoproteins called _ that enter circulation via _

A

Triglycerol and fat-soluble substances get packaged into lipoproteins called chylomicrons that enter circulation via lacteals

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52
Q

Gastric and pancreatic _ break down lipids

A

Gastric and pancreatic lipase break down lipids

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53
Q

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats all get absorbed in the _

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats all get absorbed in the small intestine (enterocytes)

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54
Q

Iron, Copper, Zinc, Manganese get absorbed in the _

A

Iron, Copper, Zinc, Manganese get absorbed in the duodenum

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55
Q

The key transporter for Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Manganese absorption is _

A

The key transporter for Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Manganese absorption is DMT1

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56
Q

We have exocrine cells in the salivary glands secreting…

A

We have exocrine cells in the salivary glands secreting…
* Amylase
* Lingual lipase
* Haptocorrin
* Lysozyme
* Lactoferrin
* Peroxidase

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57
Q

Parietal cells in the stomach make _ and _

A

Parietal cells in the stomach make HCl and intrinsic factor

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58
Q

Chief cells in the stomach make _

A

Chief cells in the stomach make pepsinogen

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59
Q

Pancreatic exocrine cells make digestive enzymes _ , _ , and _

A

Pancreatic exocrine cells make digestive enzymes amylase , proteases , and lipase

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60
Q

Ductal cells of the pancreas make _

A

Ductal cells of the pancreas make HCO3-

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61
Q

Brunner glands in the small intestine make _

A

Brunner glands in the small intestine make HCO3-

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62
Q

Saliva is produced in a two step process; first we have secretions from _ cells; then we have modification by _ cells

A

Saliva is produced in a two step process; first we have secretions from acinar cells; then we have modification by ductal cells

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63
Q

Acinar cells first secrete an enzyme containing _

A

Acinar cells first secrete an enzyme containing plasma-like solution

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64
Q

Ductal cells then modify the saliva via _

A

Ductal cells then modify the saliva via reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- and secretion of K+

65
Q

Slow flow saliva content is:
(Low/High) Na+
(Low/High) Cl-
(Low/High) HCO3-
(Low/High) K+

A

Slow flow saliva content is:
Low Na+
Low Cl-
Low HCO3-
High K+
hypotonic to plasma
* Ductal cells have enough time to modify saliva, reabsorbing Na, Cl and secreting K+ and HCO3-

66
Q

The reabsorption of Na,Cl and secretion of K+ by ductal cells is a basal function; _ secretion occurs upon stimulation

A

The reabsorption of Na,Cl and secretion of K+ by ductal cells is a basal function; HCO3- secretion occurs upon stimulation

67
Q

Acid secretion is stimulated by:

A

Acid secretion is stimulated by:
* Vagal stimulation –> ACh
* G cells –> gastrin
* ECL cells –> histamine
* Vagal stimulation –> GRP (gastrin releasing peptide)

ACh, gastrin, histamine, GRP all upregulate the production of acid by parietal cells

68
Q

Acid secretion is inhibited by:

A

Acid secretion is inhibited by:
* D cells –> somatostatin

69
Q

Low pH (high H+) will stimulate _ cells to release _

A

Low pH (high H+) will stimulate D cells to release somatostatin

70
Q

Somatostatin inhibits H+ secretion by (3):

A

Somatostatin inhibits H+ secretion by:
1. Directly inhibiting parietal cells
2. Inhibiting gastrin release from G cells
3. Inhibiting histamine release from ECL cells

71
Q

G cells are stimulated by _ to release gastrin

A

G cells are stimulated by distention and digestion products to release gastrin

72
Q

Gastrin stimulates _ and _ cells

A

Gastrin stimulates parietal cells to release H+ and ECL cells to release histamine
* Histamine can stimulate parietal cells to release H+

73
Q

I cells in the duodenum release _

A

I cells in the duodenum release CCK

74
Q

CCK release is stimulated by _

A

CCK release is stimulated by digestion products in the duodenum

75
Q

CCK release from I cells (inhibits/stimulates) gastric emptying

A

CCK release from I cells inhibits gastric emptying

76
Q

CCK stimulates _ and _

A

CCK stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction and sphincter of oddi relaxation

77
Q

_ gets released in response to H+ in the duodenum

A

Secretin gets released in response to H+ in the duodenum

78
Q

Secretin is released by _ cells

A

Secretin is released by S cells

79
Q

Secretin functions to _ and _

A

Secretin functions to stimulate pancreatic HCO3- secretion and inhibit gastric H+ secretion

80
Q

GIP is known as _ or _

A

GIP is known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide or gastric inhibitory peptide

81
Q

GIP gets released in response to _

A

GIP gets released in response to oral glucose and digestion products in the duodenum

82
Q

GIP stimulates _ cells to secrete _

A

GIP stimulates beta cells to secrete insulin

83
Q

GIP inhibits _ secretion

A

GIP inhibits gastric H+ secretion

84
Q

CCK slows gastric emptying and _ the sphincter of Oddi

A

CCK slows gastric emptying and relaxes the sphincter of Oddi

85
Q

CCK promotes gallbladder (contraction/relaxation)

A

CCK promotes gallbladder contraction

86
Q

Secretin inhibits gastric acid production via _

A

Secretin inhibits gastric acid production via somatostatin

87
Q

Crypts contain cells that (absorb/secrete) NaCl which causes _ movement of water

A

Crypts contain cells that secrete NaCl which osmotically pulls water into the lumen

88
Q

Villi contain cells that (absorb/secrete) NaCl which causes _ movement of water

A

Villi contain cells that absorb NaCl which osmotically pulls water out of the lumen

89
Q

VIP stimulates NaCl and water (absorption/secretion)

A

VIP stimulates NaCl and water secretion, while preventing reabsorption

90
Q

Luminal stimuli that act on the small intestine include _ , _ , _

A

Luminal stimuli that act on the small intestine include pH , stretch , nutrients

91
Q

Autonomic stimuli that regulate the GIT include:

A

Autonomic stimuli that regulate the GIT include:
* Hunger
* Satiety
* Stress/Anxiety
* Smell/taste of food

92
Q

(Macrominerals/ Trace minerals) are the major solutes of your intra and extracellular space

A

Macrominerals are the major solutes of your intra and extracellular space
* Ex: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur
* The body needs large quantities of these things

93
Q

The body needs (small/large) quantities of trace minerals

A

The body needs small quantities of trace minerals for various functions
* Ex: Iron, copper, zinc, iodine, fluoride, molybdenum, selenium, chromium, manganese

94
Q

(Water/fat) soluble vitamins are easily absorbed and excreted

A

Water soluble vitamins are easily absorbed and excreted

95
Q

Examples of water soluble vitamins include vitamin _ and _

A

Examples of water soluble vitamins include vitamin B and C

96
Q

(Water/Fat) soluble vitamins have long term storage in adipose tissue

A

Fat soluble vitamins have long term storage in adipose tissue

97
Q

Fat soluble vitamins include:

A

Fat soluble vitamins include: ADEK

98
Q

Water soluble vitamins get easily absorbed in the gut via _ and easily excreted via _

A

Water soluble vitamins get easily absorbed in the gut via portal circulation and easily excreted via the kidneys

99
Q

In general, water soluble vitamins do not get stored by the body so we need regular/daily dietary intake; the exception is that we have some long term storage of vitamins _ and _

A

In general, water soluble vitamins do not get stored by the body so we need regular/daily dietary intake; the exception is that we have some long term storage of vitamins B12 and B9

100
Q

It is possible to get toxicity/ overload of (water/fat) soluble vitamins

A

It is possible to get toxicity/ overload of fat soluble vitamins since we have long term stores of these

101
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed in a similar way to lipids; they are incorporated into _ and then absorbed into the _ circulation

A

Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed in a similar way to lipids; they are incorporated into chylomicrons and then absorbed into the lymphatic circulation

102
Q

Fat solube vitamins are stored in adipose tissue and the _

A

Fat solube vitamins are stored in adipose tissue and the liver

103
Q

B1 is called _

A

B1 is called thiamin

104
Q

B2 is called _

A

B2 is called riboflavin

105
Q

B3 is called _

A

B3 is called niacin

106
Q

B5 is called _

A

B5 is called pantothenic acid

107
Q

B6 is called _

A

B6 is called pyridoxine

108
Q

B7 is called _

A

B7 is called biotin

109
Q

B9 is called _

A

B9 is called folate

110
Q

B12 is called _

A

B12 is called cobalamin

111
Q

_ is a deficiency in B1 (thiamin)

A

Beriberi is a deficiency in B1 (thiamin)
* Wet beriberi: resembles CHF
* Dry beriberi: affects the central and peripheral nervous system

112
Q

_ is a deficiency in B3 (niacin)

A

Pellagra is a deficiency in B3 (niacin)

113
Q

Deficiencies in _ or _ can lead to megaloblastic anemia

A

Deficiencies in B9 or B12 can lead to megaloblastic anemia

114
Q

A deficiency in _ can lead to megaloblastic anemia + neuropathy

A

A deficiency in B12 (cobalamin) can lead to megaloblastic anemia + neuropathy

115
Q

A deficiency in vitamin C can manifest as _

A

A deficiency in vitamin C can manifest as scurvy

116
Q

Vitamin _ is responsible for eye and skin health

A

Vitamin A is responsible for eye and skin health

117
Q

Vitamin _ is responsible for bone health

A

Vitamin D is responsible for bone health

118
Q

Vitamin _ has antioxidant function

A

Vitamin E has antioxidant function

119
Q

Vitamin _ is responsible for clotting

A

Vitamin K is responsible for clotting

120
Q

Both B9 and B12 deficiencies cause a macrocytic anemia with high _ levels

A

Both B9 and B12 deficiencies cause a macrocytic anemia with high homocysteine levels
* Bith vitamins are cofactors in the homocysteine-methionine pathway

121
Q

Only (B9/B12) deficiency results in high serum MMA levels

A

Only B12 deficiency results in high serum MMA levels

122
Q

_ cells produce intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells produce intrinsic factor

123
Q

Intrinsic factor is made in the _

A

Intrinsic factor is made in the stomach

124
Q

After intrinsic factor is made in the stomach it binds _

A

After intrinsic factor is made in the stomach it binds B12 to move through the intestine

125
Q

B12 gets reabsorbed in _ region but only if _

A

B12 gets reabsorbed in the terminal ileum but only when bound to IF
* The ileal mucosa has specialized receptors that can absorb B12-IF complex

126
Q

Pernicious anemia is _

A

Pernicious anemia is caused by conditions that result in poor production of IF and hence cause a B12 deficiency
* Ex: autoimmune attack on parietal cells

127
Q

Iron deficiency is a common mineral deficiency that can occur one of (3) ways:

A

Iron deficiency is a common mineral deficiency that can occur one of (3) ways:
1. Poor dietary intake
2. Poor absorption
3. Iron loss (bleeding)

128
Q

Iron is primarily absorbed in the _

A

Iron is primarily absorbed in the duodenum
* Crohn’s patients might have poor absorption of iron from extensive bowel surgery

129
Q

Iron deficiency results in a hypochromic, _ (RBC size) anemia

A

Iron deficiency results in a hypochromic, microcytic anemia

130
Q

Name some possible mechanisms of mineral deficiencies:

A

Name some possible mechanisms of mineral deficiencies:
* Poor dietary intake
* Renal losses
* GI losses
* Medications

131
Q

Patients with alcohol use disorder are at high risk of vitamin and mineral deficiencies; _ is a very common mineral deficiency

A

Patients with alcohol use disorder are at high risk of vitamin and mineral deficiencies; magnesium is a very common mineral deficiency

132
Q

Magnesium deficiency can present with _ signs

A

Magnesium deficiency can present with..
* Seizures
* Nystagmus
* Tremor
* Cardiac arrhythmias

133
Q

What causes scurvy?

A

Scury is caused by long-term depletion of vitamin C
* Vitamin C is found in citrus fruits, cantaloupe, veggies

134
Q

Signs of scurvy include:

A

Signs of scurvy include:
* Scaly, dry skin
* Corkscrew hairs
* Poor wound healing
* Bone pain, fractures
* Gingivitis, gum bleeding
* Anemia, infection, cardiac effects

135
Q

Dry beriberi is a deficiency in _ which leads to _

A

Dry beriberi is a deficiency in B1 (thiamin) which leads to neurologic issues
* Peripheral neuropathy
* Wernicke-Korsakoff (memory loss, confabulation)

136
Q

Wet beriberi is a deficiency in _ which leads to _

A

Wet beriberi is a deficiency in B1 (thiamin) which leads to dilated cardiomyopathy with HF symptoms

137
Q

4 D’s of Pellagra

A

4 D’s of Pellagra:
1. Dermatitis: hyperpigmentation in sun exposed areas
2. Dementia: irritability, confusion, ataxia
3. Diarrhea: N/V
4. Death: coma and death if not treated

138
Q

Treatment for pellagra includes _

A

Treatment for pellagra includes high dose niacin (B3) supplementation

139
Q

A majority of our bile acids get reabsorbed in the _

A

A majority of our bile acids get reabsorbed in the distal ileum
* Any disease that leads to damage of the ileum can lead to poor bile acid resorption

140
Q

Bile acids get reabsorbed in the distal ileum and circle back to the _ to be reprocessed and reused

A

Bile acids get reabsorbed in the distal ileum and circle back to the liver to be reprocessed and reused
* Enterohepatic circulation

141
Q

Explain how bile acid malabsorption can cause diarrhea

A

Bile acids end up in the colon and cause an osmotic diarrhea

142
Q

Impaired bile acid resorption can also lead to malabsorption of _

A

Impaired bile acid resorption can also lead to malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins

143
Q

Name some of the major functions of the liver

A
144
Q

The pentose phosphate pathway takes glucose-6-phosphate and makes _ for detoxification

A

The pentose phosphate pathway takes glucose-6-phosphate and makes NADPH for detoxification

145
Q

During a fed state, what happens to glucose in the liver?

A

Glucose –> glycolysis, TCA –> ATP
Fatty acid synthesis –> VLDL
Cholesterol synthesis
Excess gets stored as glycogen

146
Q

During a fed state, what happens to amino acids in the liver?

A
  • Amino acids are used to synthesize liver proteins
  • Can also be sent for protein synthesis in other tissues
147
Q

Amino acids get deaminated, producing _ as a byproduct which is converted to _

A

Amino acids get deaminated, producing ammonia as a byproduct which is converted to urea via urea cycle

148
Q

The liver produces many serum proteins like:

A

The liver produces many serum proteins like:
* Albumin
* Fibrinogen
* Clotting factors
* Transferrin

149
Q

What biochemical reactions are occuring inside the liver during a fasting state?

A

Goal is to supply glucose to the body
* Gluconeogenesis
* PPP generates NADPH for detox
* Urea cycle is active due to aa destruction
* Fatty acid breakdown (beta-oxidation) to make acetyl coA –> TCA or ketone formation

150
Q

(Phase 1/Phase 2) of detoxification is carried out by CYP450

A

Phase 1 of detoxification is carried out by CYP450
* ROS intermediate causes oxidative stress and liver damage
* We need NADPH to fuel CYP450

151
Q

(Phase 1/ Phase 2) of detox involves conjugation with charged species to make the compound more water soluble and easier to excrete

A

Phase 2 of detox involves conjugation with charged species to make the compound more water soluble and easier to excrete
* Ex: addition of glucuronic acid, glutathione, sulfate
* Excretion by kidneys or inclusion in bile

152
Q

The composition of bile includes:

A

The composition of bile includes:
* Water (major component)
* Electrolytes
* Bile salts
* Phospholipids
* Cholesterol
* Bilirubin

153
Q

Bile salts are made using _

A

Bile salts are made using cholesterol

154
Q

Bile salts help to form _ to increase the surface area for digestive enzymes like lipases to break down free fatty acids

A

Bile salts help to form emulsion droplets to increase the surface area for digestive enzymes like lipases to break down free fatty acids

155
Q

Bile salts later join the lipid digestion products again to form _

A

Bile salts later join the lipid digestion products again to form micelles

156
Q

Bile is made in the hepatocytes and transported into the bile canaliculi using _

A

Bile is made in the hepatocytes and transported into the bile canaliculi using bile salt export pump –> makes its way through the hepatic bile ducts –> gallbladder

157
Q

How does bile concentration occur in the gallbladder?

A

Gallbladder epithelial cells absorb ions and water in an isosmotic fashion using transporters
* Organic components of bile are not absorbed and become concentrated in the gallbladder

158
Q

Bilirubin moves around the blood bound to albumin until it gets taken up by hepatocytes for _

A

Bilirubin moves around the blood bound to albumin until it gets taken up by hepatocytes for conjugation

159
Q

Most of our bile is recaptured via the enterohepatic recirculation; it is reabsorbed in the _

A

Most of our bile is recaptured via the enterohepatic recirculation; it is reabsorbed in the ileum

GI (13 decks)

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