Pharmacology Flashcards
Polycystic ovary syndrome can cause:
a. lamotrigine - aplastic anaemia …
b. carbamazepine - lupus-like syndrome, aplastic anaemia
c. levetiracetam - drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia, irritability
d. valproate - weight gain, alopecia, GIT symptoms, tremor,
pancreatitis, hepatitis in children, thrombocytopenia,
hyperammonaemia
d. valproate
Choose the correct Heparin statements:
a. It is given up to 6 months after a cerebral infarction because of
the risk of thrombosis.
a. It is given up to 6 months after a cerebral infarction because of
the risk of thrombosis.
Claims about various epilepsy drugs:
a. topiramate may cause cognitive impairment.
a. topiramate may cause cognitive impairment.
Which protease does rivaroxaban block?
a. Xa
a. Xa
A cure for status epilepticus:
a. diazepam.
a. diazepam.
How do we reduce a preoperative tumour?
a. Procarbazine - chemotherapeutic agent
b. lomustine - a chemotherapeutic agent that crosses the BBB and is therefore
suitable for the treatment of brain tumours
c. vincristine - chemotherapeutic agent
a. Procarbazine
b. lomustine
c. vincristine
What is not applicable to ICP-reducing drugs?
a. Acetazolamide increases the production of liquor
a. Acetazolamide increases the production of liquor
A cure for absence:
a. Calcium T-channel blocker.
a. Calcium T-channel blocker
Warfarin successfully prevents stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation because its
effect is slower than that of heparin.
a. both statements are correct
b. both statements are correct and causally linked
c. the first statement is correct, the second is not
d. the first statement is incorrect, the second is correct
e. both statements are incorrect
a. both statements are correct
Clopidogrel is a pre-medication. Clopidogrel and aspirin act on the same receptor.
a. first correct, second incorrect
b. both correct
a. first correct, second incorrect
Why do dopamine agonists, when injected, cause first deterioration and then
improvement?
a. Dopaminergic denervation hypersensitivity - increased sensitivity of
receptors to endogenous and exogenous dopamine.
a. Dopaminergic denervation hypersensitivity - increased sensitivity of
receptors to endogenous and exogenous dopamine.
Where is the main serotonin nucleus in the nervous system?
a. Raphe nuclei in the brainstem.
a. Raphe nuclei in the brainstem.
Hyperplastic gingiva is a side effect of which medicine?
a. Phenobarbitone
b. phenytoin
b. phenytoin
Which motor effects are not side effects of L-dopa treatment?
a. Myoclonisms
b. dystonias
c. choreatic joints
d. on-off phenomenon
a. Myoclonisms
Choose the correct statement about low molecular weight heparin.
a. crosses the placenta despite its high molecular weight
b. side effect with chronic use is thrombocytopenia
b. side effect with chronic use is thrombocytopenia
Choose the wrong statement about warfarin:
a. the antidote is vitamin K
b. do not give it with aspirin
c. low therapeutic index, watch out for interactions
d. warfarin overdose leads to increased blood clotting
d. warfarin overdose leads to increased blood clotting
Reteplase has a longer half-life than alteplase and is therefore injected in bolus.
a. both correct and causally linked
b. both wrong
a. both correct and causally linked
Correct claim about diazepam?
a. GABA partial agonist
b. GABE modulator
c. GABA-A receptor activator
c. GABA-A receptor activator
Direct plasminogen activator:
a. alteplase - also reteplase and duteplase
b. urokinase - also streptokinase
a. alteplase - also reteplase and duteplase
b. urokinase - also streptokinase
Which is not a side effect of heparin?
a. osteoporosis
b. gynaecomastia
c. thrombocytopenia
d. bleeding
e. pathological liver tests
b. gynaecomastia
Warfarin interactions:
a. chloramphenicol
b. diazepam
a. chloramphenicol
Carbamazepine is not suitable for any of these conditions:
a. partial seizure
b. tonic clonic seizure,
c. neuropathic pain
d. absence
e. none of the above
d. absence
To which factor does abciximab (an antiplatelet drug) bind?
a. on the GP IIb/IIIa receptor
a. on the GP IIb/IIIa receptor
Dopamine:
a. inhibits indirectly, stimulates direct pathway in striatum
b. inhibits directly, promotes indirectly
c. both inhibited
d. both encouraged
a. inhibits indirectly, stimulates direct pathway in striatum
The striatum is where most of the carrier is located:
a. dopamine
b. serotonin
c. GABA
a. dopamine
Which drug acts as an ADP receptor antagonist?
a. clopidogrel
b. dipyridamole
a. clopidogrel
What do we do to prevent nausea?
a. Domperidone
a. Domperidone
How does amantadine affect me?
a. increases dopamine release
a. increases dopamine release
Which drugs can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome:
a. L-dopa
b. dopamine agonists
c. abrupt cessation of dopamine agonists
d. all of the following
c. abrupt cessation of dopamine agonists
Phenytoin toxicity:
a. ataxia
b. somnolence
c. muscle weakness
d. baldness
a. ataxia
Which drug causes hyponatraemia?
a. carbamazepine
a. carbamazepine
Warfarin is given for atrial fibrillation, has a later onset of action than heparin and a
longer half-life than heparin.
a. both statements are correct
a. both statements are correct
Apomorphine claims:
a. action on the presynaptic membrane
b. postsynaptic membrane.
b. postsynaptic membrane.
Why do adverse motor signs occur in L-dopa?
a. Increased plasma dopamine concentration.
a. Increased plasma dopamine concentration.
How can warfarin be administered?
a. intramuscular
b. orally
c. intravenous
d. rectal
e. subcutaneous
b. orally
Low molecular weight heparins affect:
a. fibrin synthesis
b. activation of factor X
c. prothrombin activation
d. binding of thromboxane to platelets
e. binding of factor Xa to the heparin:antithrombin III complex
e. binding of factor Xa to the heparin:antithrombin III complex
Warfarin successfully prevents stroke in patients who have atrial fibrillation
because it prevents platelet aggregation.
a. both statements are correct
b. both statements are correct and causally linked
c. the first statement is correct, the second is not
d. the first statement is incorrect, the second is correct
e. both statements are incorrect
c. the first statement is correct, the second is not
Rivaroxaban is an anticoagulant drug with a favourable pharmacokinetic profile.
As a result, it causes fewer side effects due to drug interactions than warfarin.
a. both statements are correct
b. both statements are correct and causally linked
c. the first statement is correct, the second is not
d. the first statement is incorrect, the second is correct
e. both statements are incorrect
b. both statements are correct and causally linked
Circle the statement that applies to aspirin:
a. the antiplatelet action of aspirin lasts for approximately five times half the
half-life
b. aspirin’s antiplatelet action is significantly longer than its half-life
c. aspirin’s antiplatelet action is shorter than its half-life
d. aspirin’s antiplatelet action lasts the same as its half-life
e. the antiplatelet action of aspirin depends only on the current concentration at
the site of action
b. aspirin’s antiplatelet action is significantly longer than its half-life
The drug of choice for Parkinson’s disease is levodopa. It enters the central nervous
system by:
a. does not enter the central nervous system at all unless a transporter
is added to the pharmaceutical preparation
b. diffusion
c. active transport
d. andocytosis
e. pinocytosis
b. diffusion
Dopamine receptor agonists, e.g. ropinirole, can also cause:
a. Excessive appetite
b. alleviate nausea - this is what D2 dopamine antagonists do
c. hyperpyrexia
d. impulsive behaviour
e. gynaecomastia
d. impulsive behaviour
The folds that can occur after prolonged treatment with levodopa are usually due to:
a. reduced plasma levodopa concentrations
b. altered levodopa metabolism locally in the brain
c. increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier to levodopa
d. increased plasma levodopa concentrations
e. faster dopamine metabolism
d. increased plasma levodopa concentrations
Apomorphine must be given by continuous subcutaneous infusion because:
a. is a protein
b. would not be absorbed in the intestine
c. undergoes first-pass metabolism, which converts it to morphine
d. has a short half-life
e. none of the above
d. has a short half-life
Levetiracetam works through
a. inhibition of voltage-dependent sodium channels
b. inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels
c. inhibition of neurotransmitter release
d. antagonism at AMPA receptors
e. increases the concentration of GABA in the synapse
b. inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels
c. inhibition of neurotransmitter release
The rash is most commonly caused by:
a. gabapentin
b. topiramate
c. diazepam
d. lamotrigine
d. lamotrigine
Where is noradrenaline made?
a. locus ceruleus
b. Meynert - acetylcholine
c. substantia nigra - dopamine
a. locus ceruleus
How does phenytoin affect the cytochrome P450 system?
a. It speeds up its metabolism.
a. It speeds up its metabolism.
Which drug causes fetal malformations?
a. Valproate.
a. Valproate.
We add carbidopa to L-dopa because:
a. increases L-dopa uptake in the central nervous system
b. Inhibits MAO
a. increases L-dopa uptake in the central nervous system
If we only give the patient L-dopa, it will enter the CNS
a. 80-90%
b. 60-80%
c. 30-50%
d. 5-10%
e. 1-2%
e. 1-2%
Carbamazepine is a medicine that should not be prescribed:
a. professional drivers
b. for pregnant women
c. for post-menopausal women
b. for pregnant women
Carbamazepine - we need to increase the dose after a while
because:
a. induces enzymes that speed up its breakdown
b. its elimination is slowed down
a. induces enzymes that speed up its breakdown
Aspirin:
a. reduces thromboxane synthesis
b. increases thromboxane synthesis and prostacyclin synthesis
a. reduces thromboxane synthesis
Warfarin - reduces its action:
a. barbiturates
b. chloramphenicol
c. SSRIS
a. barbiturates
Levitacetaram is a favourable medicine because it has:
a. high therapeutic index.
a. high therapeutic index.
Which medicine is not an immunomodulator?
a. methylprednisolone (corticosteroid)
b. interferon beta
c. natalizumab - used in MS, an antibody against integrins, which prevents T
leukocytes from entering the BBB.
d. glatiramer acetate - an immunomodulator used in MS
a. methylprednisolone (corticosteroid)
Riluzole works by:
a. motorised tiles
b. glycine synapses
c. glutamate receptors
d. corticospinal route
e. centre for breathing in the pons
c. glutamate receptors
What is not the case with natalizumab?
a. is as effective as Interferon Beta
b. is a monoclonal antibody
c. prevents T lymphocytes from crossing the BBB
d. causes multifocal leukoencephalopathy
a. is as effective as Interferon Beta
Carbamazepine is a sodium channel inducer and is the drug of choice for absence.
a. both wrong
b. all possible combinations
a. both wrong
What do we decide on antiepileptic drugs?
a. care
b. type of attacks
c. Co
d. associated diseases
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Which antiepileptic inhibits GABA transaminase?
a. gabapentin
b. prednisolone
c. vigabatrin
d. valproate
c. vigabatrin
d. valproate
Why not give heparin orally?
a. because it is not an electroneutral molecule
b. because it is a high molecular weight molecule
c. because it has bound magnesium
d. a + b
d. a + b
Which statement about fragmented heparin or low molecular weight heparin is
correct?
a. is the drug of choice for starting anticoagulant treatment
b. is a safer medicine than heparin
c. administered intravenously
d. is teratogenic
e. used in pregnant women
b. is a safer medicine than heparin
Warfarin acts directly as a factor Xa inhibitor. Its effects become apparent after 24
hours.
a. both statements are correct
b. both statements are incorrect
c. the first statement is correct, the second statement is incorrect
d. the first statement is incorrect, the second statement is correct
b. both statements are incorrect
For rivaroxaban:
a. is a factor Xa inhibitor
b. alters the genetic expression of factor XII
c. has a narrow therapeutic window
d. acts similarly to heparin
e. acts similarly to reteplase
a. is a factor Xa inhibitor
For heparin:
a. It can be used for chronic conditions
b. It is safe and can be given to pregnant women
c. It should not be given to pregnant women
d. Low molecular weight is a safe anticoagulant
b. It is safe and can be given to pregnant women
d. Low molecular weight is a safe anticoagulant
Which statement about aspirin is not correct?
a. irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2
b. antithrombotic activity is due to COX-2 inhibition
c. the effect lasts 4-10 days, due to inhibition of platelet-building proteins
d. rapidly eliminated due to first-pass metabolism
e. synergistic with clopidogrel
b. antithrombotic activity is due to COX-2 inhibition
What percentage of patients are not helped by antiepileptics?
a. 10-20%
b. 20-30%
c. 40-50%
d. 60-70%
e. 1-3%
b. 20-30%
What applies to domperidone?
a. is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist and is used to relieve nausea
b. is a D2 dopamine receptor antagonist and is used to relieve nausea
c. is a D1 and D2 dopamine receptor antagonist and is used to relieve nausea
d. is a D2 and D3 dopamine receptor antagonist and is used to relieve
nausea
d. is a D2 and D3 dopamine receptor antagonist and is used to relieve
nausea
Low molecular weight heparin is administered:
a. intramuscular
b. intravenous
c. subcutaneous
d. rectal
e. orally
c. subcutaneous
