Extrapiramidal diseases Flashcards
How do we not treat parkinsonism?
a. L-dopa
b. anticholinergics
c. botulinum
d. amantadine
e. deep brain stimulation
c. botulinum
A 68-year-old patient with Parkinson’s disease, who is motor-regulated, presents with
symptoms of psychosis. Adjustment of dopaminergic medication has not improved
the condition. Which neuroleptic would you introduce?
a. haloperidol
b. clozapine
c. Promazine
d. risperidon
Why?
e. has the least extrapyramidal effects
f. does not cause allergic reactions
g. well tolerated by Parkinson’s patients
h. all of the above
b. clozapine
e. has the least extrapyramidal effects
A 5th year medical student cannot get:
a. Parkinson’s disease
b. multiple system atrophy
c. progressive supranuclear palsy
d. Wilson’s disease
b. multiple system atrophy
c. progressive supranuclear palsy
I think it’s Wilson’s because it’s the only hereditary one
Vertical gaze palsy is expected in:
a. Steel-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome
b. Shy-Drager syndrome
c. Mb. Huntington
d. Mb. Hallervorden-Spatz
a. Steel-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome
The basis of symptomatic treatment for Parkinson’s disease is based on deprivation:
a. serotonin
b. noradrenaline
c. dopamine
d. acetylcholine
c. dopamine
In parkinsonism, an excess is found in the striatum:
a. acetylcholine
b. dopamine
c. noradrenaline
a. acetylcholine
The aetiology of Parkinson’s disease in most cases is:
a. idiopathic
a. idiopathic
Hereditary factors for Parkinson’s include:
a. α-synuclein mutation
b. parkin mutation
a. α-synuclein mutation
b. parkin mutation
Motor dysfunction of the basal ganglia due to dopamine deficiency in the striatum
manifests as:
a. akinetic-rigid syndrome
b. chorea
c. ballism
a. akinetic-rigid syndrome
An animal model of parkinsonism?
a. kills mitochondria
a. kills mitochondria
How do we diagnose Parkinson’s disease?
a. clinically by history and clinical examination
b. with the levodopa test
c. by lumbar puncture
a. clinically by history and clinical examination
- What happens after long-term dopamine deficiency?
a. hypersensitivity of striatal neurons.
a. hypersensitivity of striatal neurons.
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease is the presence of Lewy bodies
(eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions) in the cytoplasm of cells:
a. substance nigre
b. subthalamic nucleus
c. paliduma
d. putamna
Depletion of dopaminergic cells in the nucleus reduces dopamine levels in:
e. substances of nigra
f. subthalamic core
g. striatum
h. available at
a. substance nigre
g. striatum
Uncoordinated movements of the tongue and lips (dyskinesias) are characteristic of:
a. Parkinson’s disease
b. vascular parkinsonism
c. tardive dyskinesia due to neuroleptics
d. All
c. tardive dyskinesia due to neuroleptics
Multiple system atrophy does not include:
a. Shy-Drager syndrome
b. striatonigral degeneration
c. corticobasal degeneration
d. olivopontocerebellar atrophy
c. corticobasal degeneration
What is not a dopamine agonist?
a. bromocriptine
b. Propanolol
b. Propanolol
Essential tremor therapy:
a. Propanolol
a. Propanolol
Who will we ask most specifically about family history?
a. a patient with behavioural changes and articulations
b. a patient with sudden haemiparesis
a. a patient with behavioural changes and articulations
How is Huntington’s chorea treated?
a. haloperidol
b. levodopa
c. dopamine agonists
d. anticholinergics
a. haloperidol
In all patients with neurological problems due to Wilson’s disease, we see:
a. Keyser-Fleisher ring
a. Keyser-Fleisher ring
The gentleman experienced a sudden cognitive decline. Myoclonic jerks followed.
The cognitive decline and the myocardial infarctions progressively worsened and the
gentleman died 8 months later. In which of the following diseases is myoclonus most
common?
a. Parkinson’s disease
b. Alzheimer’s disease
c. Creuzfeldt-Jacob disease
d. Huntington’s disease
c. Creuzfeldt-Jacob disease
A young woman suffered from mild rigidity and akineticism. Her father died young,
was demented and had unusual full-body joints. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Huntington’s disease
b. Parkinson’s disease
a. Huntington’s disease
Choreatic movements are charateristics of Huntington’s
Which statement is not correct?
a. the most effective therapy for focal dystonias is botulinum
b. the most effective therapy for generalised dystonias is botulinum
c. levodopa is very effective for some dystonias
d. anticholinergics are very effective in some dystonias
e. stereotactic brain surgery is very effective for some dystonias
b. the most effective therapy for generalised dystonias is botulinum
What do we not treat dystonias with?
a. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
b. anticholinergics
c. botulinum
d. deep core stimulation
e. valproate
e. valproate
Parkinson’s disease is not a specific condition:
a. depression
b. tremor
c. Dementia
d. occasionally poorer response to levodopa in the first years of the disease
e. balance disorders
d. occasionally poorer response to levodopa in the first years of the disease
Always responds to levodopa in the beginning
In a young patient with Wilson’s disease, we are likely to find the following signs:
a. dystonia, parkinsonism, dysarthria, tremor
b. dystonia, ataxia, aphasia, tremor
c. Parkinsonism, ataxia, apraxia, typical EEG
d. ataxia, apraxia, aphasia, elevated blood Cu
e. chorea, dementia, depression, positive family history
a. dystonia, parkinsonism, dysarthria, tremor
We don’t see aphasia
A 39-year-old patient developed mild choreatic and dystonic hand flexion. He has no
other problems. His mother died of cancer at the age of 72, his father was treated by
a psychiatrist and committed suicide at the age of 42. The diagnosis is the least
helpful:
a. Ophthalmologist
b. geneticist
c. EEG
d. psychological testing
e. Abdominal ultrasound
e. Abdominal ultrasound
Which statement about DYT1 dystonia is not correct?
a. slowly progressive, generalised, the most common form of primary
dystonias
b. starts in childhood, affects the lower limbs first and then generalises
to other parts of the body
c. is an autosomal dominant inherited disease
d. in some cases dramatic responses to low doses of left dope
e. DYT1 is the gene that encodes the protein torsin A
a. slowly progressive, generalised, the most common form of primary
dystonias
What is tremor like in Wilson’s disease?
a. Myoclonic
b. fluttering
c. transient
d. Action
e. no tremor in Wilson’s disease
b. fluttering
How do we distinguish between Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonism plus?
a. Levodopa test
b. DaTSCAN
c. SPECT with iodobenzamide
d. Clinical
c. SPECT with iodobenzamide
DaTSCAN is for distinguishing between essential tremor and Parkinson
Which disease is more common in men?
a. Parkinson’s disease
a. Parkinson’s disease
What is not characteristic of a Parkinsonian gait?
a. walking on a wide base
a. walking on a wide base
How can we make parkinsonism worse?
a. inhibiting the substantia nigra compact with highfrequency electrical stimulation
b. inhibit the subthalamic nucleus
c. dopamine agonists
d. muscarinic receptor antagonist
a. inhibiting the substantia nigra compact with highfrequency electrical stimulation
Dyskinesias are the result of:
a. elevated plasma levodopa concentrations
b. excessive levodopa concentrations in the fluid
c. altered receptor function in the CNS
a. elevated plasma levodopa concentrations
Which of the typical signs of Parkinson’s disease appears the latest:
a. tremor
b. rigidity
c. postural disturbances
d. akinesia
c. postural disturbances
Progressive supranuclear palsy is also known as:
a. Steel-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome
b. Shy-Drager syndrome
c. Pisa syndrome
d. Vodusek-Pirtosek syndrome
a. Steel-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome
We will see a fall back, especially in:
a. idiopathic Parkinson’s disease
b. multiple system atrophy
c. progressive supranuclear palsy
d. oral examination in neurology
c. progressive supranuclear palsy
In a patient with Parkinson’s disease, a wrist tone examination will reveal:
a. the toothed wheel phenomenon
b. the pocket knife phenomenon
c. the phenomenon of the inexhaustible clone
d. the normal tone phenomenon
a. the toothed wheel phenomenon
You chose a dopamine agonist over L-Dopa for a 58-year-old SDS politician
with moderate Parkinson’s disease. Why?
a. the medicine has fewer side effects
b. the drug has fewer motor complications after a few years of use
c. titration of the dopamine agonist is easy
d. dopamine agonist is more effective than L dope
b. the drug has fewer motor complications after a few years of use
A 38-year-old accountant’s right hand trembles at rest. She is bradykinetic
but without rigidity - incipient Parkinson’s disease. You will treat it with:
a. amantadine
b. L dope
c. anticholinergics
d. dopamine agonists
c. anticholinergics
You will treat a 78-year-old pensioner with long-standing Parkinson’s disease
and severe motor complications with:
a. vagus stimulation
b. stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus
c. stimulation of the substantia nigra
d. hippocampal stimulation
b. stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus
Myoclonus and cortical sensitivity disturbances are expected in:
a. Parkinson’s disease
b. multiple system atrophy
c. progressive supranuclear palsy
d. corticobasal degeneration
d. corticobasal degeneration
Asymmetric atrophy of the parietal lobe on head MRI is expected in:
a. Parkinson’s disease
b. multiple system atrophy
c. progressive supranuclear palsy
d. corticobasal degeneration
d. corticobasal degeneration
Dystonia in a child who later develops idiopathic torsion dystonia will start at:
a. Legs
b. hands
c. the neck
a. Legs
What is true for Parkinson’s disease?
a. inheritance is autosomal dominant
b. the signs are due to excessive dopamine secretion from the substantia nigra
c. anticholinergics are used for treatment
d. characteristic albumin-cytosis dissociation is found in the lysate
e. always exclude it in young patients with extrapyramidal symptoms
c. anticholinergics are used for treatment
What is not one of the others?
a. blepharospasm
b. horea
c. tremor
d. hemibalism
e. hemifacial spasm
e. hemifacial spasm
It is not used in Parkinson’s therapy:
a. MAO inhibitors
b. levodopa
c. dopamine agonists
d. cholinergics
e. amantadina
d. cholinergics
A patient is least likely to see after 10 years of treatment for Parkinson’s disease:
a. Festivities
b. dementia
c. pain
d. tardive dyskinesias
e. postural disturbances
d. tardive dyskinesias
They manifest from 1 to 6 months after the treatment
How do we treat a young patient with signs of moderate Parkinson’s disease?
a. anticholinergics
b. levodopa
c. dopamine agonists
c. dopamine agonists
Why add carbidopa in the treatment of PB?
a. because this increases levodopa uptake in the CNS
a. because this increases levodopa uptake in the CNS
Parkinson’s disease is also known as:
a. akinetic rigid syndrome.
a. akinetic rigid syndrome.
Which statement is true for Parkinson’s disease:
a. dopamine inhibits the indirect pathway and promotes the direct pathway
b. dopamine stimulates the indirect pathway and inhibits the direct pathway
c. dopamine inhibits the direct and indirect pathway
d. dopamine stimulates the direct and indirect pathway
a. dopamine inhibits the indirect pathway and promotes the direct pathway
What’s not true for Parkinson’s disease:
a. the tremor disappears when you sleep
b. gait and postural disturbances respond less well to treatment than
other motor symptoms
c. anosmia can be one of the first non-motor signs
d. the thalamus over-inhibits the motor cortex
b. gait and postural disturbances respond less well to treatment than
other motor symptoms
The statue of the one huddled man is the first depiction of which disease?
a. Parkinson’s disease
a. Parkinson’s disease
What’s true for Parkinson’s disease:
a. increased acetylcholine tone in the striatum
b. increased dopamine tone in the striatum
c. fewer postsynaptic neurons
d. fewer interneurons
a. increased acetylcholine tone in the striatum
We see haemibalism in:
a. hypoglycaemia
b. hyperglycaemia
c. Hypokalaemia
d. hyperkalemia
e. hypernatremia
b. hyperglycaemia
What can cause chorea?
a. hyperthyroidism
b. hypocalcaemia
c. levodopa
d. systemic lupus erythematosus
e. all of the above
e. all of the above