Pharmacology Flashcards
What’s the aim diabetes management - short and long term too
Achieve near normal glycemia
Short term = prevent symptoms of hypo+hyper
Long term = good quality of life
What’s the role of insulin in glucose homeostasis
Regulate and maintain the levels of glucose in the bloodstream within a narrow range
What’s the primary functions in glucose homeostasis
GGLIP
Glucose uptake:
Glycogen synthesis:
Lipid metabolism:
Inhibition of gluconeogenesis:
Protein synthesis:
What is glucose uptake
Insulin helps glucose FROM BLOOD ENTER muscles and liver by attaching to INSULIN receptors INSR on the cell surface RELEASING A TRANSPORTER CALLED GLUT4 TO CELL SURFACE. THIS HELPS GLUCOSE ENTER CELLS REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF GLUCOSE IN BLOOD
By maintain glucose homeostasis what does insulin help prevent
Hypo and hyper
Different types of insulin?
Short acting
Long acting
Biphasic
What happens from poor glucose control
Hyper and then can result in DKA or HSS
Hypo and then confusion or in severe cases, seizures
Management OF DM?
Healthy diet, medication like metformin, regular physical activity, BGL monitoring or weight management.
What do fluids do?
Body fluids transport nutrients, hormones, proteins etc.
Helps REMOVE cellular metabolic waste
Provides medium for cellular metabolism
Regulates body temp
Provides lube of musculoskeletal joints
What factors dictate body water requirement?
AF
AMOUNT NEEDED FOR PROPER OSMOTIC CONCENTRATION AND TO MAKE UP FOR THE WATER LOST THROUGH EXCRETION
FLUID SHIFTS IN DISEASE = FLUID LOSS: GI = LBM/VOMITNG/RENAL = DIURESIS/SKIN = BURNS —— FLUID GAINS = HEART,LIVER,KIDNEY FAILURE
What is hypertonic, hypo and isotonic?
Hypertonic : Higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution. Causes water to move out of cells, leading to cell shrinkage or shrivelling.
Hypotonic: Lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution. Causes water to move into cells, leading to cell swelling or bursting.
Isotonic: with same concentration of solutes as another solution. No net movement of water into or out of cells, resulting in cells maintaining their normal size.
What is colloid solution and how does it work
Contains larger molecules like protein helping increase the volume of blood plasma. Remains in bloodstream longer and works buy attracting water into blood vessels increasing volume
What is crystalloid solutions and how does it work
Contains small molecules like salt or electrolytes, quickly distributing throughout body tissues. Can pass through blood vessels and interstitial spaces helping replenish fluid and electrolyte balance.
Describe how COLLOIDS AND CRYSTALLOIDS IV fluid given can alter the movement of fluid in body compartments
Colloids
Tend to stay in bloodstream longer and exert osmotic force that attracts water into intravascular space helping increase blood volume/fluids within blood vessels.
Crystalloids
Easily moves across blood vessels and distribute throughout different body compartments. Diffuses freely across capillary walls and move freely between intravascular and interstitial space.
