Endocrine

Question 1

What is the difference between hyper and hypothyroidism

Answer 1

Hyper: overproduction of TH
Hypo: not enough production of TH

Question 2

What’s the pathophysiology of hyper and hypothyroidism

Answer 2

Hyper: the overproduction of TH will increase BMR and SNS
Hypo: the result of not producing enough TH decreases the BMR

Question 3

What are the S+S of hyper and hypothyroidism?

Answer 3

Hyper: IM HARD = INCREASED HR, MUSCLE TREMORS, HEAT INTOLERANCE, ANXIOUS, RESTLESS, DISTURBED SLEEP
Hypo: DCC = decreased HR, cold intolerance, cold/dry brittle skin

Question 4

What causes Hyper and hypothyroidism?

Answer 4

Hyper: Graves’ disease = B lymphocytes produces IgG antibodies that mimics TSH WHICH THEN bindS to TSH receptors increasing the production and secretion of TH

Hypo: CAUSE = VARIES = HASHIMOTOS DISEASE = THYROID TISSUE IS MARKED BY ANTI BODIES FOR DESTRUCTION BY BODYS OWN IMMUNE T CELLS

Question 5

Management for hyper and hypothyroidism?

Answer 5

Hyper: Anti thyroid
Hypo: provide synthetic thyroxine

Question 6

What is the pathophysiology of Cushing syndrome

Answer 6

CUSHING IS CAUSED BY THE PITUITARY ADENOMA SECRETING ACTH STIMULATING THE ADRENAL GLAND TO RELEASE AND PRODUCE EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF CORTISOL

Excessive levels of cortisol increasing glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis, lipolysis and protein breakdown decreasing immunity and inflammation, having a wide range of effects on cardiovascular and nervous systems. DIG

Decreased immunity/inflammation will increase risk to infections/poor wound healing

Increase in cortisol will increase vasoconstriction resulting in an increase of BP

Glyco and gluco will result in hyperglycaemia then results in hyperinsulinemia

Question 7

What CAUSES Cushing disease?

Answer 7

PITUITARY ADENOMA SECRETING TOO MUCH OF ACTH STIMULATING THE ADRENAL GLANDS TO PRODUCE AND RELEASE EXCESSIVE CORTISOL

Question 8

S+S of Cushing?

Answer 8

MF
THOT

Muscle wasting
Fracture risk increase

Thin skin
Hirsutism
Osteoporosis
Thin extremities

Question 9

Management for Cushing?

Answer 9

Depends on causative factor but eg = remove tumour

Question 10

What is Addison’s

Answer 10

Decreased secretion of cortical adrenal hormones like aldosterone.

Question 11

S+S and pathophysiology of Addisons?

Answer 11

Decreased sodium and increased potassium will result in hypovolemia causing hypotension, hypoglycaemia and hyperpigmentation of skin.

Other S+S WO patho: fatigue, muscle weakness, nausea/vomit, weight loss