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OSCE Y2! > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what does the term pharmokinetics mean?

A

what the body does to the drug;

  • absorption
  • distribution
  • metabolism
  • excretion
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2
Q

what does the term pharmodynamics mean?

A

what the drug does to the body; its biological effect on the body

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3
Q

what is a drug?

A

a substance which affects the biochemistry/physiology of the body in some way

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4
Q

what does biochemistry mean

A

the chemical and physio-chemical processes and substances occuring within the body

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5
Q

polypharmacy?

A

the use of multiple (more than 1) medications

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6
Q

what does pharmacology mean?

A

the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, modes, and actions of drugs

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7
Q

which drugs do not target human cells?

A

antimicrobials

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8
Q

what are receptors in relation to drugs?

A
  • mainly cell surface proteins which have a definite structure and that bind the drug in a lock & key type arrangement
  • receptors act as the receptionist; binding with the drug
  • receptors must then however activate/deactivate a messaging system in the cell to exert the drugs effect
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9
Q

what are agonists? & examples

A
  • drugs that bind to the receptor and activate it
  • adrenaline binds to adrenergic receptors the stimulate them
  • insulin binds to & activates insulin receptors
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10
Q

what are antagonists? & examples

A
  • a substance which blocks the effect of another substance
  • drugs that bind to and block receptors, stopping the agonist from accessing the receptor
  • beta blockers binding and blocking adrenergic receptors, blocking the sympathetic effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline
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11
Q

what is transduction?

A

whatever mechanism the receptor has to affect cell behaviour

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12
Q

what is an enzyme

A

biological catalysts which speed up biochemical reactions in living cells

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13
Q

where are enzymes found

A
  • inside cells
  • outside cells
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14
Q

what relation does ibuprofen have on certain enzymes?

A

iboprufen blocks the enzyme which produces prostoglandins; which are important inflammmatory mediators

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15
Q

whar are carriers and pumps?

A
  • proteins in cell mebranes which control what enters & exists the cell
  • carriers facilitate passage through a membrane without requiering energy
  • pumps facilitate passage through a membrane but requiere energy to do so; active transporters
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16
Q

Adverse reactions (ABCDE) ; common side effects

A

augmented (or increased); where drug levels are too high and desired effect is excessive

bizzare (or unpredictable); not dose related such as unknown allergy

chronic; associated with long term use of the drug; e.g., irritation of the GI lining, perhaps stomach ulcers

delayed; an antibiotic rash which appears days after the antibiotic has been stopped

end of treatment; such as withdrawals

17
Q

ADME

A
  • Aborsbed; across the gut wall & into bloodstream
  • distributed; around the body to target tissue(s)
  • metabolised; to allow drug to be excreted
  • excreted; ridded of by the body, e.g., in the urine
18
Q

why may it be reccomended to take a drug with a glass of cold water?

A

cold water accelerates gastric emptying which means passage & absorption of drug is faster; if this is desired

19
Q

why may it be reccomended medication is taken at night time?

A

some drugs have a sedative effect

20
Q

why may it be reccomended to take medication with/without food

A

with- slower absoprtion rate is desired and because some medications such as anti-inflammatories can irriate the stomach’s lining

without- food in the stomach, especially starchy/protein rich food requiere’s more work from the stomach to digest resulting in slower passage & absorption of the drug than desired

21
Q

does absorption of a drug occur in the stomach?

A
  • no
  • the stomach is not designed for absoprtion but is a reservoir
  • drug must be passed into duodenum from stomach for absorption to occur
22
Q

what factors can delay drug absorption?

A
  • food in stomach
  • pain/distress/shock can trigger the sympathetic NS, shutting dowen the GI tract, directing blood away from here and towards muscles
23
Q

how do most drugs pass through cell membranes?

A

via difussion

24
Q

what is a loading dose?

A

an initial higher dose of a drug at the beginning of of a course of treatment before lowering it to lower maintenance dose. this is most useful for drugs that are excreted from the body relatively slowely.

25
Q

example of a drug & a vitamin given as loading doses

A
  • B12
  • digoxin
26
Q

what is the blood-brain barrier?

A

external brain capillaries which have a dense-walled structure and are surrounded by glial cells (lipids).

27
Q

purpose of the blood-brain barrier?

A

to restrict passage of components of circulating blood in regular capillaries that may be harmful; pathogens & toxins, from reaching the brain

28
Q

what is metabolism in relation to drugs?

A

a chemical change to the drug molecule

29
Q

what is the term for the final product of a drug once metabolised

A

metabolite

30
Q

what organ primarily metabolises drugs?

A

the liver

  • kidneys
  • lungs
31
Q

why do drugs have to be metabolised?

A

drugs cannot be excreted, in the urine for example, they must be less fat soluble and more water soluble. if not, drugs can hide in fat stores dettering the kidneys from excreting via urine.

32
Q

what is ‘first pass metabolism’ ?

A

Refers to when the concentration of a drug, specifcially when adminsitered orally, is greatly reduced before reaching systemic circulation; reducing the drug’s bioavailability.

This is because after absorption from the alimentary tract, the drug travels via the blood to the liver, where it is greatly metabolised.

Lower levels of the drug in the blood upon leaving the liver to systemic circulation are often inadequate to achieve therapeutic effects.

This ‘first pass’ through the liver may therefore greatly reduce the bioavailability of the drug.

33
Q

why is it important to consider someone’s renal and liver function when administering drugs?

A
  • excretion and metabolism
  • the liver is the main metaboliser of drugs and if impaired, can impact excretion as metabolism must occur for excretion
  • most drugs are excreted in the urine via the kidneys, and if impaired, drugs may remain in one’s system harmfully if not excreted
34
Q

what is the purpose of loading doses

A
  • inital higher doses are given to ensure a quick therapeutic response
  • later maintenance doses maintain the response
  • necessary because; some drugs take a long time to reach the desired therapeutic level
  • necessary because; the necessary therapeutic level is needed asap
35
Q

what is bioavailability?

A
  • a subcategory of absorption
  • the fraction of an administered drug hat reaches systemic circulation
  • IV administration of a drug has 100% bioavailability

OSCE Y2! (13 decks)

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