NEWS2 revision

Question 1

what does abcde stand for?

Answer 1

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure

Question 2

things to asess; breathing

Answer 2

*depth
*chest movements
*RR
*effort
*sound

Question 3

why might someone not breathe properly in relation to pain?

Answer 3

if someone is experiencing pain in their chest/abdomen, they may take more shallow breaths to ease the pain

Question 4

effects of not breathing properly?

Answer 4

*reduced O2 sats
*inability to clear mucus in chest; risk of chest infection
*breathlessness/distress

Question 5

spo2 scale 1

Answer 5

*95-99%

Question 6

spo2 scale 2

Answer 6

*88-92%
*for those at risk of hypercapnia, e.g., COPD
*must be decided by doctor/ANP

Question 7

RR

Answer 7

rate; 12-20
bradypnea; <12
tachypnea; >20

regularity of breaths

sound; should be almost silent. any wheezing? crackles? etc.

use of accessory muscles/effort used

both sides of chest rising/falling equally?

colour of patient; signs of hypoxia/hypoxaemia? cyanosis?

Question 8

what to consider when checking pulse

Answer 8

rate; 60-100
bradycardia; <60
tachycardia; >100

ryhthm; pattern of beats, regulaur/irregular

amplitude (volume); strength of beats, strong and bounding or weaky and thready?

Question 9

blood pressure

Answer 9

rate; 120/80
hypotensive; <70?
hypertensive; >130

Question 10

what does AVCPU stand for?

Answer 10

Alert
[Acute] confusion
Voice
Pain
Unresponsive/unconscious

Question 11

temperature

Answer 11

normothermia; 36-37.5C
hypothermia; <35C
pyrexia; >38*C

Question 12

what to consider when managing pain?

Answer 12

Type of pain; visceral, somatic, neuropathical

Source/sight of pain ^; where?

Amount of pain; ‘from 1-10 with …’

What worsens the pain and what could help; e.g., walking, provide AO1 care and potential aid?

Reassure & listen to PT, aware that anxiety can worsen pain

Administer prescribed appropirate analgesia

Re-asses continually; is it effective? side-effects & their management? tolerance?

Question 13

what is the cause of pain?

Answer 13

tissue damage & associated inflammatory response

Question 14

examples of pain caused by musculoskeletal conditions

Answer 14

*osteoathritis; stiff & painful joints
*fractures
*soft tissue injuries; muscles/tissues/joints/sprains/strains

Question 15

example of pain cause by surgery

Answer 15

*incision site; cut skin & tissue
*extent of tissue damage
*type of surgery

Question 16

types of traumas

Answer 16

RTCs
stabbings
burns
fractures
head injuries

Question 17

what is neuropathic pain & example

Answer 17

damage/dysfunction to the nerves of the NS

pain caused by lesion or disease of the somatosensory system

example; phantom pain experienced by amputees

Question 18

two examples of neuropathic pain

Answer 18

diabetic neuroapthy; damage of the nerves caused by diabetes. progressively, hyperglycaemia can restrict bloodflow to damaged nerves causing pain

shingles; an infection which damages nerve fibres, interfering with informatiom transmission to the brain & therefore consumed/exaggerated messages = chronic pain

Question 19

pain caused by diseases

Answer 19

cancer; tumours can release chemicals which damage nearby tissue causing pain

IBS; inflammation can damage tissues and cause pain

Question 20

Appendicitis

Answer 20

appendicitis; a swollen and inflammed appendix can irritate the lining of the abdominal wall and cause localised, sharp pain in the lower right abdomen

Question 21

what happens when you sit up a breathless PT

Answer 21

you allow their abdominal muscles to move downwards, provides the diaphragm with enough space to move up & down, allowing efficient air in/out the lungs

Question 22

why is BM (blood sugar) documented on NEWS2?

Answer 22

this relates to their ACVPU scale; whether PT is known to be diabetic or not, hyper & hypo glycemia levels can effect someone’s neurological state

Question 23

why is pain documented on NEWS2?

Answer 23

pain can affect the following;

HR; tachycardia
RR; tachynpnoea/hyperventilation

Question 24

why is ‘?PT last pass urine’ on NEWS2?

Answer 24

can be relevant to;

BP; decreased blood volume & therefore pressure

HR; initially increase then decrease

Question 25

why is GCS on NEWS2?

Answer 25

a PT’s neurological state can impact on all their vial signs & being alive

Question 26

what can the blank box on NEWS2 be used for?

Answer 26

can be left blank or used to document relevant info to that specific pT; e.g., medication such as a sedative which would impact their vitals

Question 27

what does escalation of care on NEWS2 mean?

Answer 27

if your PT’s NEWS2 score was alarming, you would put Y for yes, in that you were escalating, then do so, or N for no, and continue on normal hourly

Question 28

how can pain relief be administered?

Answer 28

PO; orally
Topically; on the skin
Rectally
Vaginally
Bucal; under the tongue
IV; intravenously
IM; intramuscular
Epidural; spine
Subcut; subcutaneous tissue
Transdermal; skin patch

Question 29

apnoea?

Answer 29

temporary absence or cessation of breathing

Question 30

orthopnea?

Answer 30

difficultry breathing when lying down

Question 31

dyspnoea

Answer 31

difficulty breathing in general

Question 32

tachynpnoea

Answer 32

high RR