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GIT Module > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Cyclizine?

A

H1-receptor antagonist [antihistamine]

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2
Q

What is the indication for cyclizine?

A

motion sickness
Vertigo
Vestibular disorders

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3
Q

What drugs is used for severe morning sickness of pregnancy?

A

Promethazine

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4
Q

Describe the [harmacodynamics of Cyclizine?

A

peak anti-emetic effect 4 hours after ingestion

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5
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with Cyclizine?

A

Drowsiness
Dry mouth
Blurred vision

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6
Q

What anti-emetic drugs are h1 receptor antagonist?

A

Cyclizine
Cinnarizine
Promethazine

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Hyoscine?

A

Muscarinic receptor antagonist

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8
Q

What is the indication of Hyoscine?

A

General purpose anti-emetics + prophylaxis

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9
Q

What are the adverse effects of Hyoscine?

A

Dry mouth
Blurred vision
Sedative [less than antihistamines]

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10
Q

Hyoscine

A

Scopolamine

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Ondansetron?

A

blocks 5-HT3 receptor in the chemoreceptor trigger zone

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12
Q

What are the indication for Ondansetron?

A

Post-operative N&V

N&V due to cytotoxic drugs

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13
Q

What are the adverse effects of Ondansetron?

A

Headache and GI upsets [uncommon]

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metoclopramide?

A

Block D2 receptors in CTZ [+ some actions on GIT]

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15
Q

What is the pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide?

A

does not readily penetrates BBB ➡ less prone to produce central side effects

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16
Q

What is the underlying cause of side effects of metoclopramide?

A

mainly due to the blocking of D receptors in CNS

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Lactulose?

A

Osmotic laxatives

retains fluids in bowels by osmosis [accelerates the transfer of gut contents through small intestines and results in large volume entering the colon ➡ dissension ➡ purgation]

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of docusate sodium?

A

acts as an emulsifying or wetting agent to produce softer feces

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19
Q

What are the indication for docusate sodium?

A

management of hemorrhoids and anal fissures

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20
Q

Describe the pharmacodynamics of docusate sodium

A

Oral preparation acts within 1-2 days

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Codeine?

A

An opiate that decreases motility

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22
Q

How do anti motility agents produce a constipating effect?

A

Causes a decrease in propulsive movement of the tract, increasing the transit time of intestinal contents, more water to be absorbed, making colonic contents firmer

23
Q

What are the unwanted effects of anti-motility agents?

A

Occurs with chronic use:
constipation
Drowsiness

24
Q

What is loperamide?

A

An opiate used an antimotilty agent

25
Q

Which opiate is preferred as an antimotility agent? Why?

A

Loperamide as poorly penetrates the CNS, producing less central effects

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of loperamide?

A

acts on μ-opioid receptors in the GIT

27
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Senna?

A

Stimulate colonic activity & increase peristalsis (by stimulating enteric nerves), resulting in defecation.

28
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Senna

A

single dose produces laxative effect within 8 hours

29
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Bisacodyl

A

Administered oral or suppository [usually]

causes stimulation of the rectal mucosa, results in peristaltic action and defecation in 15-30 minutes.

30
Q

Describe the how laxative dependency occurs

A

Overuse can lead to atonic colon and the only way to achieve defecation is to take further amounts of the laxatives

31
Q

Which drug are linked to hepatotoxicity in children under 3?

A

Valproic acid

Salicylates

32
Q

What drugs cause microvascular steatosis?

A

Valproic acid

High doses of tetracycline

33
Q

What characterizes microvascular steatosis?

A

modest elevations of aminotransferase levels in blood

Presence of lactic acidosis

34
Q

What drug induces cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 2E1?

A

Rifampicin

35
Q

Which drugs should not be co-administered with rifampicin? Why?

A

acetaminophen, isoniazid and halothane

Increases risk of hepatotoxicity

36
Q

Which drugs are most frequently implicated in hepatic injury?

A

Acetaminophen
Isoniazid
Phenytoin
Valporate

37
Q

What is the treatment of choice for acetaminophen overdose?

A

N-acetylcysteine

38
Q

What drugs cause macrovascular steatosis?

A

Steroid

Methotrexate

39
Q

What drugs cause intrinsic hepatotoxicity?

A

Acetaminophen

Methotrexate

40
Q

What is intrinsic hepatotoxicty?

A

Predictable, dose-dependent hepatotoxicity, occurring in all individuals who have taken a toxic dose.

It has a distinctive pattern observed for any given drug and happens after a brief latent period of exposure to drug

41
Q

What is idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity?

A

Less predictable, dose-independent, causes hepatic damage only in small number of uniquely susceptible individuals, has a variable histological pattern of lesions and shows delayed onset (weeks to months)

42
Q

What are the associated symptoms of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity?

A

Fever
Rash
Eosinophilia [allergy]

43
Q

What drugs cause idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity?

A

Halothane
Isoniazid
Chlorpromazine

44
Q

What are the possible causes of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity?

A

drug hypersensitivity

metabolic abnormality

45
Q

What drugs are implicated in hepatocellular necrosis?

A

Isoniazide

Acetaminophen

46
Q

What characterizes hepatocellular necrosis?

A

marked elevation of aminotransferase, followed by incense in serum bilirubin levels and modest increase in alkaline phosphatase

47
Q

Which drug are linked to hepatotoxicity in patients over 60 years?

A

Halothane

Isoniazid

48
Q

What drugs most commonly cause drug induced hepatoxicity in females?

A

Halothane

Isoniazid

49
Q

What drug may cause liver toxicity in patients that are slow and fast acetylators?

A

Isoniazid

50
Q

What drug causes canalicular type cholestasis?

A

contraceptive steroids

51
Q

What drug causes hepatpcanalicular type cholestasis?

A

Chlorpromazine

52
Q

What drug cause steatohepatitis?

A

amiodarone

53
Q

What drug causes hepatotoxicity by covalently binding to proteins, thus inducing an immunological reaction?

A

Halothane

GIT Module (16 decks)

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