Pharmacological, physical and psychological effects of substances Flashcards
1
Q
Effects of alcohol on neuroreceptors
A
Decreases NMDA sensitivity
Increases GABA sensitivity
Down regulates calcium channels
Up regulates nicotine receptor gated sodium channels
2
Q
Factors which lead to higher oral availability of alcohol in females compared to males
A
Lower body water volume
Higher alcohol absorption rate
Less alcohol dehydrogenase in the gut mucosa
3
Q
Hours from last drink of alcohol to onset of shakes
A
4-12 hours
4
Q
Hours from last drink of alcohol to onset of perceptual disturbances
A
8-12 hours
5
Q
Hours from last drink of alcohol to onset of seizures
A
12-24 hours
6
Q
Hours from last drink of alcohol to peak of seizures
A
48 hours
7
Q
Hours from last drink of alcohol to onset of delirium tremens
A
72 hours
8
Q
Percentage of patients with alcohol withdrawal who develop delirium tremens
A
5%
9
Q
Risk of seizures in untreated patients with alcohol dependence
A
8%
10
Q
Risk of seizures in treated patients with alcohol dependence
A
3%
11
Q
Percentage of patients with withdrawal seizures who develop delirium tremens
A
30%
12
Q
Percentage of patients with DTs who die if untreated
A
10%
13
Q
Difference between opiates and opioids
A
Opiates refer to natural opioids
Opioids are natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic
14
Q
Receptor which mediates euphoric response to opioid use
A
Mu
15
Q
Half life of morphine
A
2-3 hours
16
Q
Oral bioavailability of morphine
A
30%
17
Q
Half life of heroin
A
<3 minutes
18
Q
Oral bioavailability of heroin
A
30%
19
Q
Half life of methadone
A
15-60 hours
20
Q
Oral bioavailability of methadone
A
80%
21
Q
Half life of codeine
A
2-4 hours
22
Q
Main psychoactive component of cannabis
A
9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
23
Q
Time to peak euphoric effects of cannabis after smoking
A
30 minutes
24
Q
Percentage of patients using benzodiazepines for a year who become dependent
A
40%
25
Mechanisms of action of GHB
GABA like action
Inhibits dopamine release at low doses
Boosts dopamine availability with chronic use
Induces the release of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus
26
Percentage of patients taking GHB who develop bradycardia
33%
27
GHB derived compound used in the USA for cataplexy associated with narcolepsy
Sodium oxybate
28
Effects of a 'bad trip' from LSD
Dissociation
Frightening perceptions
Panic attack type symptoms
29
Drug most likely to cause nasal septum perforation
Cocaine
30
Side effects of opioids which does not develop tolerance
Constipation
Miosis
31
Most common side effects of benzodiazepines
Drowsiness
Ataxia
Dizziness
32
Benzodiazepine antagonist used to reverse the effects of benzodiazepines in an emergency situation
Flumazenil
33
Benzodiazepine particularly implicated in cases of date rape
Flunitrazepam
34
Drug withdrawal which the term 'cold turkey' is used for
Opioid withdrawal
35
Symptom which the term 'cold turkey' refers to
Piloerection
36
Most common cause of death in benzodiazepine overdose
Respiratory depression
37
Time in hours for untreated heroin withdrawal symptoms to peak
32-72 hours
38
Time from last dose for untreated heroin withdrawal to start
6 hours
39
Time in hours for untreated methadone withdrawal to peak
80-96 hours
40
Time in hours for untreated fentanyl withdrawal to peak
8-12 hours
41
Longest lasting symptoms of heroin withdrawal
Insomnia
Bradycardia
Temperature dysregulation
Cravings
42
Drug where withdrawal is associated with kinaesthetic hallucinations
Benzodiazepines
43
Drug associated with lung carcinoma
Cannabis
44
Drug class associated with rashes around the mouth and nose and unusual breath odour
Inhalants
45
Injection practice associated with candida endophthalmitis
Using lemon juice to reconstitute
46
Features of PCP intoxication
Nystagmus
Numbness or lowered response to pain
Ataxia
Dysarthria
Lack of communication
Muscle rigidity
Vomiting
Violent behaviour
Tachycardia
HTN
47
Effect after quitting smoking that women, heavy smokers, and smokers of low SES are most at risk for
Weight gain
48
Length of time alcohol withdrawal symptoms usually last
3-7 days
49
Symptoms of stimulant withdrawal
Mood 'crash'
Insomnia
Hypersomnia
Agitation
Vivid dreams
Suicidal ideation
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Hunger
50
Blood tests which are markers for excess alcohol consumption
GGT
MCV
Carbohydrate deficient transferrin
Anaemia
Thrombocytopaenia
Deranged LFTs
51
Drug most likely to cause frequent urination and blood in the urine
Ketamine
52
Types of deaths most commonly associated with stimulant use
Cardiovascular deaths
Suicide
Accidental injuries
Homicides
53
Drug least likely to cause dependence or withdrawals
LSD
54
Drug least likely to cause overdose
LSD
55
Signs of an advance opioid withdrawal state
Muscle spasms
Twitching
56
Most common features of cannabis intoxication
Tachycardia
Red eyes
Poor coordination
Postural hypotension
57
Most common features of benzodiazepine intoxication
Sedation
Dizziness
Respiratory depression
58
Most common features of amphetamine intoxication
Tachycardia
Hypertension
Anorexia
Tremor
Restlessness
59
Most common features of cocaine intoxication
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Hypertension
Headache
Chest pain
Respiratory depression
60
Most common features of heroin intoxication
Pinpoint pupils
Respiratory depression
Clammy skin
61
Symptoms of heroin withdrawal
Nausea
Aches and pains
Piloerection
Runny eyes/nose
Yawning
Fever
Diarrhoea
Insomnia
Bradycardia
62
Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
Tremor
Sweating
Insomnia
GI disturbance
Anxiety
Craving
Seizures
Delirium tremens - disturbed pulse, temperature etc, clouded consciousness, hallucinations
63
Cannabis withdrawal symptoms
Irritability
Insomnia
Restlessness
Anxiety
64
Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms
Anxiety
Tremor
Insomnia
Nausea/vomiting
Hallucinations
Psychomotor agitation
Seizures
Paraesthesia
65
Amphetamine withdrawal symptoms
Extreme fatigue
Hunger
Depression
Hypersomnia
Vivid, unpleasant dreams
Psychomotor retardation
Small pupils
66
Symptoms of ecstasy withdrawal
Fatigue
Anorexia
Depression
Anxiety
Difficulty concentrating
67
Symptoms of cocaine withdrawal
Strong craving for cocaine with limited physical symptoms
Profound lethargy and hypersomnia
Decreased consciousness
'Crash' in mood
Agitation
68
Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal
Low mood
Insomnia
Irritability
Frustration
Anxiety
Restlessness
Increased appetite
69
Drug intoxication which causes synaesthesia
LSD
70
Drug intoxication which causes nasal congestion
Cocaine
71
Drug intoxication which causes conjunctival injection
Cannabis
72
Drug intoxication which causes rapid onset of psychotic symptoms
Amphetamine
73
Blood test which is a sensitive marker of alcohol abuse and where levels return to normal after 2-4 weeks of abstinence
GGT
74
Blood test which is felt to be the most sensitive and specific marker of recent alcohol abuse and can be useful in detecting relapses
Carbohydrate deficient transferrin
75
Blood test which is specific but not sensitive, and so not useful in detecting recent alcohol abuse
MCV
76
Drug class associated with the opioid receptor system
Opiates
77
Drug associated with the GABA receptor system
Alcohol
78
Drug associated with the acetylcholine receptor system
Nicotine
79
Drug associated with the glutamate receptor system
PCP
80
Drug associated with the adenosine receptor system
Caffeine
81
Interaction between chlormethiazole and alcohol
Respiratory depression
82
Features of mercury poisoning
Bloody stools
Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Restlessness
Anxiety
Difficulty concentrating
Agitation
83
Features of lead poisoning in children
Encephalopathy
Permanent intellectual impairment
84
Features of lead poisoning in adults
Anorexia
Colicky pain
Cognitive impairment
85
Features of manganese poisoning
Headache
Irritability
Joint pains
Sleepiness
Parkinsonian features
86
Features of thallium poisoning
Pain in the legs
Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Alopecia
Delirium
Convulsions
Blindness
Eventually coma
87
Features of arsenic poisoning
Impairment of new learning
Memory impairment
Usually occurs in industrial workers
88
Features of strychnine poisoning
Muscle spasms and convulsions
Lactic acidosis
Rhabdomyolysis
Postictal depression
Asphyxiation from paralysis of neural pathways that control breathing
89
Time in days for untreated methadone withdrawal to peak
4-6
90
Time in days for untreated methadone withdrawal to resolve
10
91
Time in days for untreated heroin withdrawal to resolve
3-5
92
Time in days for untreated buprenorphine withdrawal to resolve
10
93
Area of the brain with high density of mu receptors which is involved in the stimulation of wakefulness
Locus coeruleus
94
Time in hours for untreated alcohol withdrawal to peak
24-48
95
Most common symptom of benzodiazepine withdrawal
Insomnia
96
Recreational drug most likely to cause haematuria
Ketamine
97
Recreational drug associated with B12 deficiency
Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
98
Early signs of opiate withdrawal
Anxiety
Cravings
THEN
Agitation
Insomnia
Headache
Lacrimation
Rinorrhoea
Yawning
Shivering
Perspiration
99
Late signs of opiate withdrawal
Dilated pupils
Piloerection
Tachycardia
Raised respiratory rate
Abdominal cramps
100
Advanced sign of opiate withdrawal
Muscle cramps
101
Substance associated with a fishy smell in the sweat and a runny nose in intoxication
Mephedrone
102
Substances associated with renal membrane nephropathy
Ketamine
Opiates
