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PHARMACOLOGY > PHARMACOKINETICS & DYNAMICS (2nd ppt) > Flashcards

PHARMACOKINETICS & DYNAMICS (2nd ppt) Flashcards

1
Q

how the drug affects the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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2
Q

how the body acts on the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

is the study of the interactions between the chemical components of living systems
and the foreign chemicals, including drugs that enter those systems.

A

PHARMACODYNAMICS

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4
Q

Drugs usually work in one of four ways:

A
  1. To replace or act as substitutes for
    missing chemicals
  2. To increase or stimulate certain cellular activities
  3. To depress or slow cellular activities
  4. To interfere with functioning of foreign
    cells, such as invading
    microorganisms or neoplasms leading
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5
Q

• Specific areas on cell membranes
• They react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell

A

Receptor Sites

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6
Q

Enzymes break down the reacting chemicals and open the _____ for further stimulation

A

receptor site

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7
Q

Interact directly with receptor sites to cause the same activity that natural chemicals would cause at that site

A

AGONISTS

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8
Q

Prevent breakdown of natural chemicals that are stimulating the receptor site

A

INHIBITORS

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9
Q

React with receptor sites to block normal stimulation, producing no effect

A

COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST

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10
Q

React with specific receptor sites on a cell and by reacting there prevent the reaction of another chemical with a different receptor site on that cell

A

NON COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST

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11
Q

Molecules of drug A react with specific
receptor sites on cells of effector organs
and change the cells’ activity

A

Agonist interaction with receptor site
on cell.

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12
Q

Drug A and drug C have an affinity for
the same receptor sites and compete
for these sites; drug C has a greater
affinity, occupies more of the sites, and
antagonizes drug A.

A

Competitive antagonism.

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13
Q

Drug D reacts with a receptor site that is
different from the receptor site for drug
A but still somehow prevents drug A
from binding with its receptor sites.

A

Noncompetitive antagonism

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14
Q

Drugs also can cause their effects by interfering with the enzyme systems that act as catalysts for various chemical reactions.

A

Drug Enzyme Interaction

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15
Q

Enzyme systems work in a cascade fashion, with one enzyme activating another, and then that enzyme activating another, until a ______ eventually occurs.

A

cellular reaction

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16
Q

The ability of a drug to attack only those
systems found in foreign cells

A

Selective Toxicity

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17
Q

(how long it will take to see the beginning of the therapeutic effect)

A

onset of drug action

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18
Q

(how long it will take to see the maximum effect of the drug)

A

timing of the peak effect

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19
Q

(how long the patient will experience the drug effects)

A

duration of drug effects

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20
Q

The amount of drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect

A

Critical Concentration

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21
Q

A higher dose than that usually used for treatment to reach critical concentration quickly

A

Loading Dose

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22
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium Processes:

A

• Absorption from the site of entry
• Distribution to the active site
• Biotransformation (metabolism) in the liver
• Excretion from the body

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23
Q

Refers to what happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues

A

ABSORPTION

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24
Q

Drug absorption is influenced by the _____

A

route of administration

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25
Q

• Major process through which drugs are absorbed into the body
• Occurs across a concentration gradient
• Movement from an area of greater concentration to lower concentration

A

Passive diffusion

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26
Q

Process that uses energy to actively move a molecule across a cell membrane

A

Active Transport

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27
Q

Involves movement through pores in the cell membrane either down a concentration
gradient or as a result of the pull of plasmaproteins

A

Filtration

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28
Q

Process of Absorption:

A

Passive Diffusion
Active Transport
Filtration

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29
Q

Involves the movement of a drug to the body’s tissues

A

DISTRIBUTION

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30
Q

Factors that affect drug distribution:

A

• Drug’s lipid solubility and ionization
• Perfusion of the reactive tissue

31
Q

Is a protective system of cellular activity that keeps many things away from the CNS.

A

Blood Brain Barrier

32
Q

Drugs that are ______ are more likely to pass through the blood brain barrier and reach the CNS.

A

highly lipid soluble

33
Q

Drugs that are ______ are not able to pass the blood brain barrier.

A

not lipid soluble

34
Q

Many drugs pass through the placenta and affect the developing fetus in pregnant
women.

A

Placenta and Breast Milk

35
Q

The process by which drugs are changed
into new, less active chemicals.

A

METABOLISM (BIOTRANSFORMATION)

36
Q

The _____ deliver these absorbed molecules into the liver, which immediately transforms most of the chemicals delivered to it by a series of liver enzymes.

A

portal veins

37
Q

These enzymes break the drug into metabolites, some of which are deactivated and can be readily excreted from the body.

A

liver enzymes

38
Q

Is the removal of a drug from the body.

A

EXCRETION

39
Q

Routes of excretion

A

• Skin, saliva, lungs, bile and feces
• Excreted by the kidneys through glomerular filtration

40
Q

is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of
the peak level it previously achieved.

A

half life

41
Q

_____ may arise because of increased
biotransformation of the drug, increased resistance to its effects, or other pharmacokinetic factors. When this occurs, the drug no long causes the same reaction. Therefore, increasingly larger doses are needed to achieve a therapeutic effect.

A

Tolerance

42
Q

_____ may arise because of increased
biotransformation of the drug, increased resistance to its effects, or other pharmacokinetic factors. When this occurs, the drug no long causes the same reaction. Therefore, increasingly larger doses are needed to achieve a therapeutic effect.

A

Tolerance

43
Q

If a drug is taken in successive doses at
intervals that are shorter than recommended, or if the body is unable to
eliminate a drug properly, the drug can
accumulate in the body, leading to toxic
levels and adverse effects.

A

cumulation

44
Q

When two or more drugs or substances are taken together, there is a possibility that an ______ can occur, causing unanticipated effects in the body.

A

interactions

45
Q

When two or more drugs or substances are taken together, there is a possibility that an ______ can occur, causing unanticipated effects in the body.

A

interactions

46
Q

Are undesired effects that may be unpleasant or even dangerous.

A

ADVERSE EFFECTS

47
Q

Development of adverse reaction from simple overdose which can be caused by individual response to the drug, high or low body weight, age or underlying pathology that alters the effects of the drug

A

Primary Action

48
Q

This type of adverse effect can be avoided by monitoring the patient carefully and adjusting the prescribed dose to fit that particular patient’s needs.

A

Primary Action

49
Q

Effects of the drug in addition to the desired pharmacological effect.

A

Secondary Action

50
Q

Excessively responsive to either the primary or the secondary effects of a drug. It may result from pathological or underlying condition.

A

Hypersensitivity

51
Q

Occurs when the body forms antibodies to a particular drug, causing an immune response when the person is reexposed to
the drug.

A

DRUG ALLERGY

52
Q

Four main classifications of drug allergy

A

• Anaphylactic reactions
• Cytotoxic reactions
• Serum sickness
• Delayed reactions

53
Q

This allergy involves an antibody that reacts with specific sites in the body to cause the release of chemicals, including histamine, that produce immediate reactions
(mucous membrane swelling and constricting bronchi) that can lead to respiratory distress and even respiratory arrest.

A

ANAPHYLACTIC Reaction

54
Q

This allergy involves antibodies that
circulate in the blood and attack antigens
(the drug) on cell sites, causing death of
that cell. This reaction is not immediate but
may be seen over a few days

A

CYTOTOXIC Reaction

55
Q

This allergy involves antibodies that
circulate in the blood and cause damage
to various tissues by depositing in blood
vessels. This reaction may occur up to 1 wk
or more after exposure to the drug.

A

SERUM SICKNESS REACTION

56
Q

This reaction occurs several hours after
exposure and involves antibodies that are bound to specific white blood cells.

A

DELAYED ALLERGIC REACTION

57
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membranes, can occur because of a direct toxic reaction to the drug or because the drug deposits in the end capillaries in the mucous membranes, leading to inflammation

A

Stomatitis

58
Q

Infections caused by organisms that are usually controlled by the normal flora

A

Superinfections

59
Q

Bone marrow suppression caused by drug effects. This occurs when drugs that can cause cell death ( antineoplastics ,
antibiotics) are used.

A

Blood Dyscrasia

60
Q

Potentially serious reactions to a drug

A

Toxicity

61
Q

Low serum glucose concentration

A

Hypoglycemia

62
Q

Low serum potassium levels

A

Hypokalemia

63
Q

Damage to the tiny blood vessels of the retina

A

Ocular Damage

64
Q

Affects dopamine levels in the brain

A

Parkinson like Syndrome

65
Q

A generalized syndrome that includes high fever

A

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

66
Q

Drugs that affect the developing fetus or
embryo which may cause death or congenital defects

A

Teratogenicity

67
Q

It must include information on the history of past illnesses and the current complaint, as well as a physical examination; this provides a database of baseline information to ensure safe administration of a drug and to evaluate the drug’s effectiveness and adverse effects.

A

Nursing assessment

68
Q

are developed from the information gathered during the assessment phase of the nursing process. It states the actual or potential response of a patient to a clinical situation

A

Nursing diagnoses

69
Q

involves taking the information gathered and synthesized into nursing diagnoses to plan the patient care. This process includes determining the desired patient outcomes, setting goals for safe and effective drug administration, providing comfort measures to help the patient cope with the therapeutic or
adverse effects of a drug, and providing patient and family education to ensure
safe and effective drug therapy

A

Implementation

70
Q

is part of the continuing process of patient care that leads to changes in assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. The patient is
continually evaluated for therapeutic response, the occurrence of adverse
drug effects, and the occurrence of drug drug, drug food, drug alternative
therapy, or drug laboratory test interaction

A

Evaluation

71
Q

Helps to determine whether the recommended drug dose is appropriate

A

Weight

72
Q

The specific parameters that need to be assessed depend on the disease
process being treated and on the expected therapeutic and adverse effects
of the drug therapy.

A

Physical Parameters related to Disease or Drug Effects

73
Q

Three types of nursing interventions are frequently involved in drug therapy:

A

• drug administration
• provision of comfort measures
• patient/family education.

74
Q

The anticipation that a drug will be helpful (placebo effect) has proven to have tremendous impact on the actual success of drug therapy. Therefore, the nurse’s
attitude and support can be a critical part of drug therapy. For example , a back rub, a kind word, and a positive approach
may be as beneficial as the drug itself

A

Placebo effect

PHARMACOLOGY (6 decks)

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