DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (finals 1) Flashcards

1
Q

The ___________ is sometimes called the involuntary or visceral nervous system with the person having because it mostly little functions conscious awareness of its activity.

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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2
Q

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is sometimes called the _________ with the person having because it mostly little functions conscious awareness of its activity.

A

involuntary or visceral nervous system

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2
Q

Working closely with the _______ the
ANS helps to body’s internal regulate and integrate the functions within a relatively
narrow range of normal on a minute-to-minute
basis

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

The ANS integrates parts of the _____ and ______ to automatically react to changes in the internal and external environments

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral central nervous system

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2
Q

also called a sympathomimetic drug because it
mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous
system (SNS).

A

ADRENERGIC AGENTS

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2
Q

ADRENERGIC AGENTS is also called a sympathomimetic drug because it
mimics the effects of the ______________

A

sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

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2
Q

Adrenergic drugs are also called sympathomimetic drugs because they produce effects similar to those produced by the
__________

A

sympathetic nervous system

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2
Q

action in which the drug acts directly on the organ or tissue innervated (supplied with nerves or nerve impulses) by the sympathetic nervous system

A

direct-acting

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2
Q

action in which the drug triggers the release of a
neurotransmitter, usually norepinephrine

A

indirect-acting

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2
Q

action in which the drug has direct and indirect actions.

A

dual-acting

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2
Q

These drugs generally are indicated for the treatment of hypotensive states or shock,
bronchospasm, and some types of asthma

A

ALPHA-ANDBETA-ADRENERGICAGONISTS

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3
Q

Typically, activation of alpha-adrenergic
receptors generates an ___________
except for intestinal relaxation.

A

excitatory response

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3
Q

Activation of the beta-adrenergic receptors mostly produces an ______, except in the cells of the heart, where norepinephrine
produces excitatory effects

A

inhibitory response

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3
Q

Usually indicated for treatment of essential hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, to ease opiate withdrawal, cold and allergies, and
shock and shock-like states

A

ALPHA-SPECIFIC ADRENERGICAGONISTS

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3
Q

Use to manage and treat bronchial spasm asthma, and other obstructive
pulmonary conditions

A

BETA-SPECIFIC ADRENERGICAGONISTS

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3
Q

Are called sympatholytic drugs because they lyse, or block, the effects of sympathetic nervous system

A

ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS

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3
Q

These drugs do not block the presynaptic alpha2-receptor sites, the reflex tachycardia that accompanies a fall in blood pressure does not occur. They also block smooth muscle receptors in the prostate, prostatic capsule, prostatic urethra, and urinary bladder neck, which leads to a relaxation of the bladder and prostate and improved flow of urine in male patients.

A

ALPHA1-SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS

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3
Q

These drugs are preferred for patients who smoke or who have asthma, any other obstructive pulmonary disease, or seasonal or allergic rhinitis

A

BETA1-SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS

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3
Q

Used to treat cardiovascular problems (hypertension, angina, migraine headaches) and to prevent reinfarction after MI.

A

NONSELECTIVE BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS

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3
Q

Direct-acting ________ occupy receptor sites for ACh on the membranes of the effector cells of the postganglionic cholinergic nerves, causing increased stimulation of the cholinergic receptor. Cholinergic agonists work either directly or indirectly.

A

cholinergic agonists

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3
Q

The _________ act at cholinergic receptors
in the peripheral nervous system to mimic the effects of ACh and parasympathetic stimulation.

A

direct-acting cholinergic agonists

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3
Q

The direct-acting cholinergic agonists are similar to ____ and react directly with receptor sites to cause the same reaction as if ____ had stimulated the receptor sites.
These drugs usually stimulate muscarinic receptors within the parasympathetic system.

A

Ach

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3
Q

The _____ do not react directly with ACh receptor sites; instead, they react chemically with acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft to prevent it from breaking down ACh. These drugs work at all ACh receptors, in the parasympathetic nervous system, in the central nervous system (CNS), and at the neuromuscular junction.

A

indirect-acting cholinergic agonists

3
Q

The indirect-acting cholinergic agonists do not react directly with ACh receptor sites; instead, they react chemically with ______ in the synaptic cleft to prevent it from breaking down ACh. These drugs work at all ACh receptors, in the parasympathetic nervous
system, in the central nervous system (CNS), and at the neuromuscular junction.

A

acetylcholinesterase

3
Q

The reversible indirect-acting cholinergic agonists fall into two main categories:

A

(1) agents used to treat myasthenia gravis and
(2) agents used to treat Alzheimer disease.

3
Q

______ is a chronic muscular disease caused by a defect in neuromuscular transmission. It is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which patients make antibodies to their ACh receptors.

A

Myasthenia gravis

3
Q

____ is a progressive disorder involving neural degeneration in the cortex that leads to a marked loss of memory and of the ability to carry on activities of daily living.

A

Alzheimer disease

3
Q

Drugs that blocks or Inhibits the actions of
acetylcholine (ACh) in the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS).

A

CHOLINERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS

3
Q

Drugs that are used to block the effects of acetylcholine are called anticholinergic drugs. Because this action lyses, or blocks, the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system, they are also called _______.

A

parasympatholytic agents

3
Q

This class of drugs was once very widely used to
decrease gastrointestinal (GI) activity and secretions in the treatment of ulcers and to decrease other parasympathetic activities to allow the sympathetic system to become more dominant

A

anticholinergic drugs

3
Q

Drugs that are used to block the effects of acetylcholine are called __________

A

anticholinergic drugs

3
Q

CHOLINERGIC BLOCKERS GROUPED ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL CLASS:

A

❏ NATURAL PLANT ALKALOIDS
❏ SYNTHETIC AND SEMISYNTHETIC DRUGS

3
Q

The _______ competitively block the acetylcholine receptors at the muscarinic cholinergic receptor sites that are responsible for mediating the
effects of the parasympathetic postganglionic impulses.

A

anticholinergic drugs

4
Q

enzyme responsible for the immediate
breakdown of acetylcholine when released from the nerve ending; prevents overstimulation of cholinergic receptor sites

A

acetylcholinesterase

4
Q

receptor sites on effectors that respond to
norepinephrine/epinephrine

A

adrenergic receptors

4
Q

portion of the central and peripheral nervous systems that, with the endocrine system, functions to maintain internal homeostasis

A

autonomic nervous system

4
Q

adrenergic receptors that are found in the heart, lungs, and vascular smooth muscle cholinergic receptors: receptor sites on effectors that
respond to acetylcholine

A

beta-receptors

4
Q

enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine to
make it inactive

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

4
Q

cholinergic receptors that also respond to stimulation by muscarine

A

muscarinic receptors

4
Q

cholinergic receptors that also respond to stimulation by nicotine

A

nicotinic receptors

4
Q

“rest-and-digest” response mediator

A

parasympathetic nervous system

4
Q

“fight-or-flight” response mediator

A

sympathetic nervous system

4
Q

stimulates the adrenergic receptors of the
sympathetic nervous system, either directly (by reacting with receptor sites) or indirectly (by increasing norepinephrine levels)

A

adrenergic agonist drug

4
Q

specifically stimulates the alpha-receptors within the sympathetic nervous system, causing body responses seen when the alpha-receptors are stimulated

A

alpha-agonists

4
Q

specifically stimulating to the beta-receptors within the sympathetic nervous system, causing body responses seen when the beta-receptors are stimulated

A

beta-agonists

5
Q

a drug’s affinity for only adrenergic receptor
sites; certain drugs may have specific affinity for only alpha- or only beta-adrenergic receptor sites alpha1-selective

A

adrenergic-receptor-site specificity

5
Q

the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) with the signs and symptoms seen when the SNS is stimulated

A

sympathomimetic drug

6
Q

drugs that, at therapeutic levels, selectively block the beta-receptors of the sympathetic nervous system

A

beta-adrenergic blocking agents

7
Q

drugs that block the postsynaptic alpha1-receptor sites, causing a decrease in vascular tone and a vasodilation that leads to a fall in
blood pressure; these drugs do not block the presynaptic alpha2-receptor sites, and therefore the reflex tachycardia that accompanies a fall in blood pressure does not occur

A

adrenergic blocking agents

8
Q

relaxation of the muscles in the bronchi, resulting in a widening of the bronchi; an effect of sympathetic stimulation

A

bronchodilation

8
Q

drugs that, at therapeutic levels, specifically block the beta1-receptors in the sympathetic nervous system while not blocking the beta2-receptors and resultant effects on the respiratory system

A

beta1-selective adrenergic blocking agents

9
Q

a drug that lyses, or blocks, the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

A

sympatholytic

9
Q

responding to acetylcholine; refers to receptor sites stimulated by acetylcholine, as well as neurons that release acetylcholine

A

cholinergic agonists

10
Q

mimicking the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to bradycardia, hypotension, pupil constriction, increased
gastrointestinal secretions and activity, increased bladder tone, relaxation of
sphincters, and bronchoconstriction

A

parasympathomimetic

11
Q

drug that opposes the effects of acetylcholine at
acetylcholine receptor sites

A

anticholinergic

12
Q

a plant that contains atropine as an alkaloid; used to dilate the pupils as a fashion statement in the past; used in herbal medicine much as atropine is used today

A

belladonna

12
Q

lysing or preventing parasympathetic effects

A

parasympatholytic