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PHARMACOLOGY > DRUGS-ACTING-ON-THE-IMMUNE-SYSTEM > Flashcards

DRUGS-ACTING-ON-THE-IMMUNE-SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The body has many defense systems in place to keep it intact and to protect from external stressors:

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Other foreign pathogens
  4. Trauma
  5. Exposure to extreme environment conditions
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2
Q

4 defenses that plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis and preventing disease.

A
  1. Barrier Defenses
  2. Cellular Defenses
  3. Inflammatory Defenses
  4. Immune Response
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2
Q
  • is the first line of defense.
  • acts as a physical barrier to protect the internal tissues and
    organs of the body
A

skin

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2
Q

________ this exist to prevent the entry of foreign pathogens and to serve as important lines of defense in protecting the body. These
barriers include the skin and mucous membranes, gastric acid, and the
major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

A

BARRIER DEFENSES

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3
Q

Certain anatomical barriers exist to prevent the entry of foreign pathogens and to serve as important lines of defense in protecting the body. These barriers include:

A
  1. skin and mucous membranes
  2. gastric acid
  3. major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
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4
Q

Glands in the skin secrete chemicals that destroy or repel many
pathogens. _______ contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria

A

Sebum

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4
Q

the ______ of the skin help to destroy many disease-causing pathogens.

A

normal bacterial flora

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4
Q

It also secretes a sticky mucus capable of trapping invaders and
inactivating them for later destruction and removal by the body.

A

Mucous Membranes

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5
Q

Mucous membranes line the areas of the body that are exposed to
external influences but do not have the benefit of skin protection. These body areas include the ______, which is exposed to air;
the ________, which is exposed to anything ingested by
mouth; and the _______t, which is exposed to many
pathogens from the perineal and rectal area.

A

respiratory tract = exposed to air;

gastrointestinal (GI) tract = exposed to anything ingested by
mouth;

genitourinary (GU) tract = exposed to many pathogens from the perineal and rectal area.

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5
Q

The ______ of the skin falls off daily, which makes it difficult for any
pathogen to colonize on the skin

A

top layer

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6
Q

__________ line the areas of the body that are exposed to external influences but do not have the benefit of skin protection.

A

Mucous membranes

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6
Q

In the conducting airways of the respiratory tract, the mucous membrane is lined with tiny, hair-like processes called ____

A

cilia

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6
Q

The _____ also secretes mucus that serves as a lubricant throughout the
GI tract to facilitate movement of the food bolus and of waste products.

A

mucous membrane

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7
Q

The _____ sweep any captured pathogens or foreign materials upward toward the mouth, where they will be swallowed. It also can move the captured material to an area causing irritation, which leads to removal by coughing or sneezing.

A

cilia

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7
Q

The ______ acts as a thick barrier to prevent foreign pathogens from penetrating the GI tract and entering the body

A

mucous membrane

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8
Q

In the ______, the mucous membrane provides direct protection
against injury and trauma and traps any pathogens in the area for destruction by the
body.

A

GU tract

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9
Q

In the ______, the mucous membrane serves as a protective coating, preventing erosion of GI cells by the acidic environment of the stomach, the digestive enzymes of the small intestine, and the waste products that accumulate in the large intestine.

A

GI tract

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10
Q

The stomach secretes acid in response to many stimuli. The acidity of the stomach not only aids digestion but also destroys many would-be
pathogens that are either ingested or swallowed after removal from the
respiratory tract. Normal flora that live in this acidic environment also help to destroy many of these ingested pathogens.

A

Gastric Acid

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11
Q

The body’s last barrier of defense is the ability to distinguish between
selfcells and foreign cells. All of the cells and tissues of each person are
marked for identification as part of that individual’s genetic code. No two people have exactly the same code.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

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11
Q

The MHC produces several proteins called ________. These
antigens (proteins) are located on the cell membrane and allow the body to recognize cells as being self-cells. Cells that do not have these
proteins are identified as foreign and are targeted for destruction by the body.

A

histocompatibility antigens, or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)

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11
Q

The MHC produces several proteins called histocompatibility antigens, or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). These antigens (proteins) are located on the cell membrane and allow the body to _______. Cells that do not have these proteins are identified as foreign and are targeted for destruction by the body.

A

recognize cells as being self-cells

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11
Q

Any foreign pathogen that manages to get past the barrier defenses will
encounter the human inflammatory and immune systems, or the
__________

A

mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

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11
Q

In humans, the genetic identification code is carried on a ______ and is called the major histocompatibility complex.

A

chromosome

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11
Q

mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) is composed primarily of:

A
  1. leukocytes
  2. lymphocytes
  3. lymphoid tissues
  4. numerous chemical mediators.
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11
Q

Previously called the reticuloendothelial system the MPS is composed
primarily of leukocytes, lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues, and numerous
chemical mediators.

A

CELLULAR DEFENSES

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11
Q

Different cell types those are important in both the basic inflammatory response and the immune response.

A

Myelocyte

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11
Q

Key component of the immune system and consists of T cells, be cells and natural killer cells

A

Lymphocyte

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11
Q

Myelocytes include:

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
monocytes or macrophages

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11
Q

Two types of Leukocyte (White blood cells)

A
  1. Lymphocyte
  2. Myelocyte
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11
Q

Able to identify nonself-cells by use of MHC

A

neutrophils

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11
Q

They contain chemical substances or mediators that are important for initiating and maintaining an immune or inflammatory response. These substances include histamine, heparin, and other chemicals used in the inflammatory response.

A

Basophils

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11
Q

When the body is injured or invaded by a pathogen, _____ are rapidly produced and moved to the site of the insult to attack the foreign material

A

neutrophils

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12
Q

________ are polymorphonuclear leukocytes that are capable of moving outside of the bloodstream (diapedesis) and engulfing and digesting foreign material (phagocytosis).

A

Neutrophils

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12
Q

____ are myelocytic leukocytes that are not capable of phagocytosis.

A

Basophils

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13
Q

_____ are circulating myelocytic leukocytes.

A

Eosinophils

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13
Q

They are mature leukocytes that are capable of phagocytizing an antigen. It help to remove foreign material from the body, including
pathogens, debris from dead cells, and necrotic tissue from injury sites, so that the body can heal. They also can process antigens and present them to active lymphocytes for destruction.

A

Monocytes or mononuclear phagocytes/ also called macrophages.

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13
Q

They are often found at the site of allergic reactions and may be responsible for removing the proteins and active components of the immune reaction from the site of an allergic response.

A

Eosinophils

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13
Q

The _____ and the ______ are important for creation of the cellular components of the MPS.

A

bone marrow and the thymus gland

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13
Q
  • Fixed basophils that do not circulate
  • Can be found in respiratory and GI tracts and in the
    skin
A

Mast Cell

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13
Q

Lymphoid tissues that play an important part in the cellular
defense system include the:

A
  1. lymph nodes
  2. spleen
  3. thymus gland
  4. bone marrow
  5. lymphoid tissue throughout the respiratory and GI tracts
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13
Q

a bipolar gland located in the middle of the chest, which
becomes smaller with age

A

thymus gland

13
Q

The ______ is the local reaction of the body to invasion or injury. Any insult to he body that injures cells or tissues

A

inflammatory response

13
Q

______ causes the activation of a chemical in the plasma
called Factor XII or Hageman Fcator

A

Cell injuries

14
Q

Cell injuries causes the activation of a chemical in the plasma
called ______

A

Factor XII or Hageman Factor

14
Q

________ is responsible for activation of the “kinin” system

A

Hageman factor

14
Q

Hageman factor activates _______, a substance found in local tissues

A

kallikrein

14
Q

______ causes the precursor substance kininogen to be converted to
bradykinin

A

Kallikrein

14
Q

______ causes vasodilation to bring more blood to the injures area

A

Bradykinin

14
Q

Allow white blood cells to escape into the tissues, increase permeability

A

Bradykinin

14
Q

also causes the release of arachidonic acid from the cell membrane

A

Bradykinin

15
Q

_____ act like local hormones release from cell and cause an effect on the immediate are

A

Autochoids

15
Q

______ causes the release of autochoids.

A

Arachidonic acid

15
Q

______ augments the inflammatory reaction and stimulates nerve endings which causes pain

A

Prostaglandins

15
Q

______ causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability and has the property called chemotaxis, which is the ability to attract neutrophils and to stimulate them and other macrophages in the area to be very aggressive

A

Leukotrienes

15
Q

Comes from the activation of pain fibers by histamine and the kinin system

A

Dolor (pain)

15
Q

__________, which is the ability to attract neutrophils and to stimulate them and other macrophages in the area to be very aggressive

A

chemotaxis

15
Q

_________ causes local vasoconstriction and facilitates aggregation and blood coagulation

A

Thromboxanes

15
Q

Occurs because of the fluid that leaks into the tissues as a result of the change in capillary permeability

A

Tumor (swelling)

15
Q

Related to the increase blood flow caused by the vasolidtion

A

Rubor (redness)

15
Q

Occurs because of the increased blood flow to the area

A

Calor (heat)

15
Q

_______ also increases the permeability of the capillary, making it easier for neutrophils and blood chemicals to leave the blood stream and enter the injure area

A

Histamine

16
Q

The body’s action plan devised to combat invading
organisms or substances by leukocyte and antibody activity

A

IMMUNE RESPONSE

16
Q

the ability to destroy like antigen

A

Immunity

16
Q

4 cardinal signs of inflammation:

A
  • Calor (heat)
  • Tumor (swelling)
  • Rubor (redness)
  • Dolor (pain)
16
Q

is any foreign substance capable of stimulating an immune response

A

Antigen

16
Q

an antigen is one that can be readily destroyed by an immune
response and immunity results

A

Immunogen

16
Q
  • Secrete large quantities of immunoglobulins or antibodies, which bind to and destroy specific antigens (humoral immunity)
A

Plasma cells

16
Q

______ are T lymphocytes that have the specific feature of binding to the surface of antigens and directly destroying the cell membrane and therefore the cell (phagocytes)

A

Cytotoxic (killer) T cells

16
Q
  • mediating substances that are released that cause tissue injury and
    allergic symptoms
  • They may be ingested (foods such as eggs or wheat), inhaled (pollen,
    dust, or mold spores), injected (drugs), or absorbed across the skin or
    mucous membranes (poison ivy)
A

Allergen

16
Q
  • Originating in the bone marrow
  • Develop into plasma cells and memory cells when exposed to
    antigens
A

B-Lymphocytes

16
Q

Responsible for retaining the formula or ability to produce specific immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are classified as IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD,
and IgE

A

Memory cells

16
Q
  • Account for 70% to 80% of blood lymphocytes and are responsible for
    cell-mediated immunity
  • Produced by the bone marrow but mature under the influence of the
    thymus gland
  • They react specifically to viruses, fungi, and parasites but have an
    effect on all antigens
A

T lymphocytes

16
Q

are T cells that reduce the production of immunoglobulins against a specific antigen and prevent their overproduction

A

Suppressor T cells

16
Q

______ stimulate B lymphocytes to divide and mature into plasma cells and begin secreting immunoglobulins

A

Helper T cells(CD4 cells),

16
Q

refers to immunity created by antibody production or B-lymphocyte
involvement

A

Humoral immunity

16
Q

is the type of immune response caused by T-lymphocyte activity.

A

Cell-mediated immunity

16
Q
  • begins when helper T cells recognize an antigen and cause activation
    of B lymphocytes. The specific B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells and begin creation of specific immunoglobulins that mark the antigen for destruction
A

Humoral immunity

16
Q

2 TYPES OF IMMUNITY

A
  1. Humoral immunity
  2. Cell-mediated immunity
16
Q

Are chemicals that are secreted by cells that have been invaded by viruses and possibly by other stimuli. Prevents viral replication and also suppress malignant cell replication and tumor growth

A

Interferons

17
Q

Type of immunity where Cytotoxic T cells attack and directly destroy invading antigens through the release of chemical compounds on the antigen membrane, injection of a toxin directly into the antigen, or secretion of lymphokines

A

Cell-mediated immunity

17
Q
  • Chemicals secreted by active leukocytes to influence other leukocytes
A

Interleukins

17
Q

____ stimulates T and B cells to initiate an immune response.

A

Interleukin 1 (IL-1)

17
Q

_____ is released from active T cells to stimulate the production of more T cells and to increase the activity of B cells, cytotoxic cells, and natural killer cells.

A

Interleukin 2 (IL-2)

17
Q

________- also cause fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and slow-wave sleep
induction—all things that help the body to conserve energy for use in fighting off the invader.

A

Interleukins

17
Q

a cytokine, is a chemical released by macrophages, which inhibits tumor growth and can actually cause tumor regression.

A

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

17
Q

________ generally block or alter the chemical reactions associated with the inflammatory response to stop one or more of the signs and symptoms of inflammation.

A

Anti-inflammatory agents

17
Q

The __________ is designed to protect the body from injury and pathogens. It employs a variety of potent chemical mediators to produce the reaction that helps to destroy pathogens and promote healing. As the body reacts to these chemicals, it produces signs and symptoms of disease, such as swelling, fever, aches, and pains.

A

inflammatory response

18
Q

Most widely used Salicylates

A

Aspirin

18
Q

provide strong antiinflammatory and analgesic effects without the adverse effects associated with the corticosteroids

A

NON STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY
AND RELATED AGENTS

18
Q

___ are among the most commonly used pain medications. They’re used to control pain and reduce fever and inflammation. Block inflammatory
response, antipyretic (fever-blocking, and analgesic (pain-blocking properties
* They were extracted from willow bark, poplar trees, and other plants by ancient people to treat fever, pain, and what we now call inflammation.

A

Salicylates

18
Q

This group of drugs includes propionic acids, acetic acids, fenamates,
oxicam derivatives, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors

A

NON STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY
AND RELATED AGENTS

18
Q

It is widely available OTC and is found in many combination products. It can be extremely toxic. It causes severe liver toxicity that can lead to
death when taken in high doses.

A

Acetaminophen (Tylenol, Ofirmev)

18
Q

is used to treat moderate to mild pain and fever and often is used in place of the NSAIDs or salicylates. It has been the most frequently used drug for managing pain and fever in children.

A

Acetaminophen (Tylenol, Ofirmev)

18
Q

___________ is a potentially debilitating inflammatory process in
the joints that causes pain and bone deformities.

A

Arthritis

18
Q

acts directly on the thermoregulatory cells in the hypothalamus to
cause sweating and vasodilation; this in turn causes the release of heat
and lowers fever.

A

Acetaminophen (Tylenol, Ofirmev)

18
Q

_________ include one gold compound, which is used to prevent and suppress arthritis in selected patients with rheumatoid arthritis

A

Antiarthritis drugs

19
Q

The other ___________s are specifically used to block
the inflammation and tissue damage of rheumatoid
arthritis

A

antiarthritis drug

19
Q

_________ results in inhibition of phagocytosis because phagocytosis is blocked the release of lysosomal enzymes is inhibited and tissue destruction is decreased. This action allows gold salts to suppress and prevent some arthritis and synovitis.

A

Chrysotherapy

19
Q

treatment with gold salts, also known as chrysotherapy, in
which gold is taken up by macrophages, which then inhibit
phagocytosis; it is reserved for use in patients who are unresponsive to
conventional therapy and can be very toxic. The gold salt available for use is auranofin (Ridaura).

A

Gold Compound

20
Q

_______ are indicated to treat selected cases of rheumatoid and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in patients whose disease has been unresponsive to standard therapy. This drug does not repair damage; it may prevent further damage and so is most effective if used early in the disease.

A

Gold salt

21
Q

_______ act to decrease the local effects of TNF, a locally released
cytokine that can cause the death of tumor cells and stimulate a wide
range of proinflammatory activities. The actions of this cytokine when
inflammation occurs within a joint capsule can lead to the destruction of bone and the malformation of joints that is associated with arthritis.

A

TNF blockers

21
Q

______ are often the first class used with progressing arthritis.

A

TNF blockers

PHARMACOLOGY (6 decks)

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