Pharmacokinetics Cards

Question 1

The study of what the drug does to the body. The biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body or on microorganisms or parasites within or on the body and the mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect.

Answer 1

Pharmacodynamics

Question 2

The study of what the body does to the drug. Mechanism of drug absorption and distribution, rate at which drug action begins, the duration of the effect, the chemical changes of the substance in the body and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug.

Answer 2

Pharmacodynamics

Question 3

Relationship between dose of a drug that produces harmful effects and severity of effects on client. Body’s response to a druf or toxic agent increases as overall exposure to substance increases.

Answer 3

Dose-Effect Relationship

Question 4

Activities within the body after the drug is administered; includes:

Answer 4

Pharmocokinetics; absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.

Question 5

What are the types of drug administration?

Answer 5

Oral route, parenteral route (SC, IM, IV), topical, transdermal, inhaled, sublingual, buccal, rectqal, vaginal.

Question 6

Movement of a drug into systemic circulation. Depends on the drug’s availability to cross cell membranes and resist presystemic metabolism (enzymes in GI tract begin to break down drug before it is absorbed)

Answer 6

Absorption

Question 7

What are the factors that affect absorption?

Answer 7

Acidity of the stomach, physiochemical properties (dissolution solubility, thermodynamics), presence of food in the ST or intestines, route of administration.

Question 8

What are factors affecting distribution?

Answer 8

Protein binding (free/bound drugs), blood flow, solubility (lipid/water soluble)

Question 9

Where does drug biotransformation take place?

Answer 9

Gut, liver, kidney, all cells of the body.

Question 10

What are the four possibilities of drug biotransformation?

Answer 10

Phase 1 reastions (solubilization): oxidation, reduction, hydolysis. Phase 2 reactions (detoxification): conjugation.

Question 11

Coupling a drug, usually after phase 1 reaction, with glucuronic or sulfuric acid, or other group, terminating biologic activity.

Answer 11

Conjugation

Question 12

Usually inactivates drugs, and makes them more water soluble and easily excreted by the kidney.

Answer 12

Biotransformation

Question 13

Are drug metabolizing enzymes located in the ER membranes of the liver and other tissues. One molecule of oxygen is chemically added to the drug to oxidize it. P450 enzymes.

Answer 13

Mixed functional oxidases

Question 14

what are the routes of excretion?

Answer 14

KIDNEYS, lungs, breast milk, sweat, tears, urine feces, bile, saliva./

Question 15

Time between drug administration and beginning of therapeutic effect.

Answer 15

Onset of action

Question 16

Absorption rate equals elimination rate

Answer 16

Peak concentration

Question 17

Time for drug to produce therapeutic effects

Answer 17

Duration of action

Question 18

Time taken for the drugs blood or plasma concentration to decrease from full to one half. The longer this is, the longer the drug stays in the body.

Answer 18

Half-life.

Question 19

What are the factors affecting drug pharmacokinetics?

Answer 19

Age, gender, body weight, diurnal rhythms, disease and aging, other (digestia, physiological factors such as pH)

Question 20

What are some types of adverse drug reactions?

Answer 20

Allergic reactions, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, drug interactions, pregnancy, misc, drug reactions, drug dependancy adn tolerance.

Question 21

What are specific adverse drug reactions?

Answer 21

Side effect, toxicity, allergic reaction, idiosyncratic effect, physical dependence, carcinogenic effect, teratogenic effect.