Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology > pharmacokinetics - ADME > Flashcards

pharmacokinetics - ADME Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

what the drug does to the body (mechanism of action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 purposes of drugs

A
  1. preventive
  2. diagnostic
  3. therapeutic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what oral conditions results from most commonly prescribed drugs

A

xerostomia and salivary gland dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 different ways to classify drugs

A
  1. mechanism of action
  2. organ or system target
  3. therapeutic use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

absorption is defined as

A

presence of drug in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

metabolism of drugs occurs mainly in the

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

elimination of the drug occurs mainly by

A

kidney and eliminated usually via urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the goal for drug administration

A

adjust drug delivery to optimize drug availability at the therapeutic target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

topical administration

A

local application of drug to body surface (intended for effect that that site)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

systemic administration

A

drug enters circulatory system and moves throughout the whole body. it is not directed to site of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

enteral drug administration

A

through the GI system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

parenteral drug administration

A

not through the GI system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

drug formulation

A

form of the drug (cream, patch, pill, etc.); relates to route of admin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of drug routes where absorption is through mucosa

A

oral, rectal, inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

types of drug routes where absorption is on or through skin

A
  • subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal
  • topical and transdermal
  • intravenous, intraarterial
  • intrathecal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is an exception to topical route

A

patches: the drug is absorbed through the skin and intended to have an effect in areas of the body away from the site of application

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 types of enteral routes

A
  • oral
  • sublingual
  • rectal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

oral administration (PO) advantages

A
  • convenient
  • high compliance
  • variety of release forms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

first-pass effect

A

drug gets metabolized in liver first, causing reduced concentration of the active drug upon reaching its site of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

oral administration (PO) disadvantages

A
  • MAX FIRST PASS EFFECT

- variable absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sublingual (SL) advantages

A
  • rapid absorption

- NO FIRST PASS EFFECT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sublingual (SL) disadvantages

A

-limited to non-irritant drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

rectal (PR) indications

A

pts with nausea or unable to swallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
rectal (PR) disadvantages
- limited to non-irritant drugs - variable absorption - LIMITED/VARIABLE FIRST PASS EFFECT
26
route for lower 1/3 rectum
vena cava *NO FIRST PASS EFFECT
27
route for middle 1/3 rectum
both vena cava and portal vein *SOME FIRST PASS EFFECT
28
route for upper 1/3 rectum
portal vein then liver (FIRST PASS EFFECT)
29
intra-articular injection is a type of ____ route
topical, because the injection is directly into site
30
advantages of parenteral drug delivery
1. rapid and predictable administration 2. accurate dosage 3. IV bypasses absorption 4. IV bypasses first pass effect
31
disadvantages of parenteral drug delivery
1. need for asepsis 2. discomfort/pain 3. difficult self-administration 4. risk of tissue damage 5. risk of medical complications 6. cost
32
what are 3 routes of admin that are fast
- parenteral - intranasal - inhalation
33
is oral (PO) fast or slow
slow
34
is IV injection slow or fast when first administered
fast, because it bypasses GI and liver and doesn't require time for absorption
35
intervals between doses where concentration is zero is bad for which groups of pts
- pts in chronic pain | - pts on Abx
36
Css (concentration steady state)
mean concentration of drug at plateau level where rate of drug input = rate of drug elimination
37
bolus
discrete amount of drug over a discrete/short time period
38
example of type of continuous drug administration
IV infusion (using drip line)
39
compare the graphs for repeated vs continuous
same but continuous is smoother
40
drug absorption
transfer of drug from site of admin to bloodstream
41
6 factors affecting drug absorption
1. tissue barriers 2. mechanism of drug absorption 3. molecular size of drug 4. drug protonation/charge 5. drug solubility (P o/w coeff) 6. drug binding to plasma protein
42
examples of tissue barriers
cell membranes, tight junctions, and capillary permeability
43
systemic capillaries
- unrestricted movement - lots of space (fenestrations) to allow passive diffusion - pinocytosis
44
renal capillaries
- restricted movement - cannot pass through fenestrations - could pass through in damaged kidney
45
brain capillaries (BBB)
- restricted movement - no fenestrations - solutes must diffuse through 2 membranes
46
3 things that make the BBB impermeable
1. glial cells 2. continuous basement membrane 3. continuous endothelial cells
47
2 methods for passive diffusion of water-soluble solutes
- gap junctions (connexins) | - aquaporins
48
non-ionized drugs (neutral drugs) cross membranes ___ (more/less) efficiently
more efficiently
49
why should basic drugs not be absorbed orally
bc they get protonated in the stomach and have an overall + charge, which is harder to be absorbed
50
acids have a __absorption at low pH and a ___absorption at high pH
high absorption at low pH | low absorption at high pH
51
the gradual pH increase from stomach -> plasma-> urine allows for
ion trapping (neutral in stomach=> charged in urine)
52
drugs with high lipid solubility will have a ___ (high/low) accumulation in cell membranes
high
53
drugs with low lipid solubility will have a ___(high/low) accumulation in cell membranes
low
54
the bond between drugs and plasma proteins is __ (weak/strong)
weak
55
drug binding to proteins is
dynamic and reversible
56
what happens when drug is bound by protein
nothing! it is not active, metabolized, and eliminated
57
is the protein-bound drug fraction dependent on drug concentration
no. it is only drug specific
58
high protein-drug = ___ drug distribution
low. only free drug moves in/out bloodstream
59
drugs that bind to proteins may have competition from
other protein-binding drugs, causing the drug to remain active
60
what do acidic and neutral drugs bind to
albumin or lipoproteins
61
what do basic drugs bind to
alpha-1 acid glycoprotein
62
why might it be hard for drugs to bind to proteins in a sick person
- plasma protein levels are altered in disease | - less protein = more free drug = gets active, metabolized, eliminated
63
distribution of water in the body
- 40-44% intracellular | - 16-20% extracellular (intersticial 12-16%, plamsa 4%)
64
volume of distribution
amount of drug in body / plasma conc of drug
65
high Vd = ____ (stay/leave) plasma
leave
66
low Vd = ____ (stay/leave) plasma
stay
67
high Vd will require ___ (high/low) dose to reach a certain conc
high
68
apparent Vd uses concentration of drug in
plasma (NOT BODY)
69
assumptions of using apparent Vd
- drug is distributed uniformly and in a single compartment | - concentration of plasma is representative
70
describe the order of drug distribution over time (VRG, MG, VPG)
VRG=>MG=>VPG
71
biological response modifiers
- antibodies, cell signal mediators, blood products, vaccines, and gene therapy - produced by biological organisms
72
radiopharmaceuticals
drugs that are intentionally made radioactive (radionuclides) and used for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes

Pharmacology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions