Pharmacokinetics Flashcards by van sevillano

It refers to the study of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) of drugs to determine the relationship between the dose of a drug and a drugs concentration in biological fluids

Pharmacokinetics

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Tablets and capsules must first disintegrate into smaller particles for gastric juices to dissolve and prepare the drugs for absorption in the small intestine

Oral preparation

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The more rapid the rate of dissolution, the more quickly the drug can be absorbed

Absorption

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Oral drugs in ____ ____ are more readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract than tablets

Liquid form

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Drugs administered intramuscularly are absorbed through the?

Muscles into the bloodstream

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Absorbed through the mucous membranes into the blood

Suppositories

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Are immediately bioavailable because of their direct injection in the blood to produce a drug effect

Intravenous drugs

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4 Factors Affecting Absorption

•Blood flow to the administration site

•Solubility of the drug

•pH of the drug

•Ingestion of food before taking oral medication

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A rich blood supply facilitates good absorption, where a poor blood supply will slow absorption

Blood flow to the administration site

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Drugs in liquid form are more easy to absorbed

Solubility of the drug

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A drug that is acidic can be more easily to absorb in an acidic environment such as gastric content

pH of the drug

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Some medication interact with foods

Ingestion of food before taking oral medication

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It refers to the movement of drug from the blood into the various body fluids and tissues

Distribution

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3 FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION

•Blood flow

•Cell membrane permeability

•Protein

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How fast the drug reaches the organs and tissues depends on the cardiac output of the person

Blood flow

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To be distributed to the tissues the drug must cross the cell membrane; some membrane act as barrier to distribution of medication

Cell membrane permeability

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Binding capacity of the medication, once the drug enters the circulation, it may become attached top ______ mostly albumins, this _____ binding decreases the amount the free drug available to reach the site of action

Protein

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Known as biotransformation which refers to the physical and chemical processing of the drug

Metabolism

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The drug is inactivate in changed into a water soluble compound that can be excreted by the body

Metabolism

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Is the primary source of biotransformation

Liver

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Process in which drugs are eliminated from the body

Excretion

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It occurs primarily to the hepatic transformation and renal excretion

Excretion

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Is the organ involved in excretion

Kidney

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It refers to the study of the effects of drug on living organism

Pharmacology

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Refers to the times it takes the body to eliminate half of the blood concentration level of the original drug dose

Half life

It is the time it takes the body to respond to a drug after administration

Onset of action

It is the highest blood concentration of a single drug dose before the elimination rates equals the rate of absorption

Peak Plasma Level

Lowest blood serum concentration of a drug and a person's system

Trough

Is the time a drug remains in the system in a concentration great enough to have a therapeutic effects

Duration

Are designed to be chewed before swallowing because chewing enhances gastric absorption

Chewable tablets

Medications must be allowed to dissolve completely before the client can eat or drink

Buccal and Sublingual

Should be administered immediately after shaking and pouring the battle

Suspensions and emulsion

Safest Post convenient Least expensive

Oral route

Slower acting than other route

Oral route

It should not be given on clients under NPO

Oral route

Should be given with caution to client who have difficulty swallowing such as patient who have had CVA (stroke)

Oral drugs

Designed to be placed in the ________ pocket for absorption by the mucous membrane of the mouth

BUCCAL (cheek)

Medication are designed to dissolve quickly when placed under the tongue

Sublingual

Introduction of medication by injecting into the body

Parenteral route

Injection to the dermis

Intradermal ID

Injection into the subcutaneous tissues

Subcutaneous (SC or SQ)

Injection into the muscle

Intramuscular IM

Injection into the vein

Intravenous IV

4 PARENTERAL ROUTE

Intradermal Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intravenous

Drugs directly applied to the skin and are absorbed into the bloodstream

Topical

FIVE BASIC RIGHTS IN GIVING MEDICATION

RIGHT DRUG RIGHT DOSE RIGHT CLIENT RIGHT ROUTE RIGHT TIME

5 PARTS OF THE DRUG ORDER

Name of the client Date and when the order is written Name of the drug to be administered Dosage Route by which is to be administered and special directives about its administration

Drug effect other than those that are therapeutically intended and expected: unexpected and potentially hazardous

Adverse reactions

Nontherapeutic effect may be mild and predictable

Side effects

An antigen antibody immune reactions that occur when an individual who has been previously exposed to a drug has developed antibodies against the drug

DRUG ALLERGY (Hypersensitivity)

What happens when there's an anaphylactic shock

•Constriction of the bronchioles •Heart failure •Circulatory collapse •Death

Occurs when the body becomes so accustomed by specific drug that larger doses are needed to produce the desired therapeutic effect

Drug tolerance

Occurs when the body cannot metabolize a drug causing the drug to accumulate in the blood toxic reactions can result after prolonged intake of high doses of medication or after only one dose

Toxic Effects

Is a highly unpredictable response that may be manifested by overresponse under response or an atypical response

Idiosyncratic reaction

It is typically used to diagnose tuberculosis

PPD- PURIFIED PROTEIN DERIVATIVES or Mantoux test

Identify allergens (ANST)

Intradermal

Administer local anesthetics

Intradermal

Site is below the epidermis

Intradermal

Common sites is the inner aspect of the forearms

Intradermal

A 1-ml tuberculin syringe, gauge 25 to 27 3/8 to1/2 inch is used

Intradermal

Forearm site should be three to four finger width below the anticubital space and one hand width above the wrist on the inner aspect of the forearm

Intradermal

A small bleb is formed after injecting medicine; do not aspirate

INTRADERMAL

Commonly used is the administration of small amount dose of 0.5 to 1 ml of isotonic, non-irritating, non viscous, and water soluble medications

Subcutaneous

ADMINISTERED Insulin, tetanus toxoid, allergy medications, epinephrine and vitamin B12

SUBCUTANEOUS

Place the medication into the subcutaneous tissues between the dermis and the muscle

SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION

Sites should be rotated; no site is used more often than every 6 to 7 weeks

SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION

Medication is administered by angling the needle 45° to 90° to the skin

SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION

If 2 inches of tissues can be grasp the needle should be inserted at a 45° angle

Subcutaneous injection

Common sites; abdomen, lateral and anterior aspect of the upper arm or thigh scapular area at the back

SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION

Do not aspirate on the plunger when giving HEPARIN doing so may cause tissue damage

SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION

Used to promote rapid drug absorption and to provide an alternate route when the drug is irritating to subcutaneous tissue

Intramuscular

Sites; ventro gluteal, dorsogluteal, vastus lateralis, deltoid

INTRAMUSCULAR

The gorge and length of the needle are selected on the viscosity and clients body size

Intramuscular

Angle of insertion is 90°

INTRAMUSCULAR

Nurse should avoid using the deltoid site in infants and children deltoid muscle is not well developed in infants and children

INTRAMUSCULAR

There is a risk of striking the sciatic nerve when using the dorsogluteal site

INTRAMUSCULAR

Z TRACT INJECTION (zigzag technique)

INTRAMUSCULAR

Traditionally used when administering INFERON (an iron preparation)

INTRAMUSCULAR

This technique is used commonly when administering ventricle and dorsogluteal injections

INTRAMUSCULAR

Place the patient in the prone position

INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION

It is the administration of fluids, electrolytes, nutrients or medication by the venous routes

INTRAVENOUS