Pharmacognosy (w/ Plant Chemistry) Flashcards by Marah Joy M. FLORES

“The study of crude drugs”

A. Botany
B. Taxonomy
C. Pharmacology
D. Pharmacognosy
E. NOTA

D. Pharmacognosy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Laws of Hammurabi (172 BC); clay models of human body; medicinal effects of 250 plants

A. Babylonians
B. Egyptians
C. Indians
D. Germans
E. Greeks

A. Babylonians

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A Greek physician wrote “De Materia Medica” in 78 A.D. in which he described about 600 plants that were known to have medicinal properties.

A. DIOSCORIDES
B. GALEN
C. CA Seydler
D. JA Schmidt
E. Emperor Shen Nung

A. DIOSCORIDES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Traditional medicine; “Science of life”; Mother of all healing arts

A. Babylonians
B. Egyptians
C. Indians
D. Germans
E. Greeks

C. Indians: Ayurveda

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A Greek pharmacist- physician who lived in Rome, described the method of preparing formulas containing plant and animal drugs. “FATHER OF PHARMACY”

A. DIOSCORIDES
B. GALEN
C. CA Seydler
D. JA Schmidt
E. Emperor Shen Nung

B. GALEN

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

he coined the term, “pharmacognosy” from “pharmakon” and “gnosis” in Analecta Pharmacognistica

A. JA Schmidt
B. CA Seydler
C. F.A. Fluckiger
D. Friedrich serterne4
E. Shen nung

B. CA Seydler

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

used the word, “pharmacognosy”; Lehrbuch der Materia Medica

J.A Schimdt

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ensure the true natural source of drug (species to cultivate). Improper collection results to partial or complete substitution

A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
F. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

A. Collection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sample gathering on specific or proper season (best time highest content); Manual labor vs. mechanical devices

A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
F. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

E. Harvesting

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Remove moisture to prevent bacterial or fungal growth and enzymatic degradation

A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
F. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

C. Drying

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Special drying process enhancing the properties of the plant’s active ingredient

A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
E. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

B. Curing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Removal of extraneous matter. Final step in the crude drug preparation

A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
E. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

D. Garbling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

For protection and marketability (maintain quality). Heat at 65°C (simplest); fumigation with CH3Br; add a drop of CHCI3 or CCl4

A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
E. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

E. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Are vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances that have undergone only the process of collection and drying.
Any products that has not been advanced in value or improved in condition

Crude drugs
Natural substances

Crude drugs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Substances found in nature that comprise the whole plants and herbs and anatomic parts thereof

Crude drugs
Natural substances

Natural substances

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This increases the weight of the drug

Moisture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This increases oxidation

Air

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

No definitive pharmacologic activity, their presence sometimes prevents the absorbability or potency of the active constituents.

INERT/INACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

constituents that may cause precipitation or other chemical changes in medicinal preparations.

A. PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE
B. PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE

A. PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

responsible for the therapeutic activity of the drug, its either single chemical substances or mixtures of principle.

A. PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE
B. PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE

B. PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Major source of energy, most abundant biomolecules on earth, main source of energy for all living organisms, serves as structural components.

A. Lipid
B. Carbohydrates
C. Amino acids
D. Resins
E. Proteins

B. Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which type of sugar yields 2 monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysis?

A) Monosaccharides
B) Disaccharides
C) Trisaccharides
D) Tetrasaccharides

B) Disaccharides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which type of sugar cannot be hydrolyzed to simple sugars?

A) Monosaccharides
B) Disaccharides
C) Trisaccharides
D) Tetrasaccharides

A) Monosaccharides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many monosaccharide molecules are yielded on hydrolysis of trisaccharides?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

C) 3

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many monosaccharide molecules are yielded on hydrolysis of tetraccharides? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

D) 4

Which of the following are the three main monosaccharides in the human diet? A) Glucose, galactose, and fructose B) Glucose, sucrose, and fructose C) Lactose, galactose, and fructose D) Maltose, glucose, and fructose

A) Glucose, galactose, and fructose

Which monosaccharide is commonly known as "milk sugar"? A) Glucose B) Galactose C) Fructose D) Sucrose

B) Galactose

Which monosaccharide is commonly referred to as "blood sugar"? A) Glucose B) Galactose C) Fructose D) Sucrose

A) Glucose

Which monosaccharide is known for being the most water-soluble among sugars? A) Glucose B) Galactose C) Fructose D) Sucrose

C) Fructose

Which monosaccharide is commonly associated with fruits and is often called "fruit sugar"? A) Glucose B) Galactose C) Fructose D) Sucrose

C) Fructose

Which type of oligosaccharides are synthesized through the enzymatic connection of lactose? A) Galactooligosaccharides B) Human Milk Oligosaccharides C) Fructooligosaccharides D) Maltodextrins

A) Galactooligosaccharides

Which type of oligosaccharides are complex glycans found in breast milk? A) Galactooligosaccharides B) Human Milk Oligosaccharides C) Fructooligosaccharides D) Maltodextrins

B) Human Milk Oligosaccharides

What is the backbone of Human Milk Oligosaccharides? A) Glucose B) Fructose C) Galactose D) Disaccharide lactose

D) Disaccharide lactose

What type of bond links monosaccharides in oligosaccharides? A) Peptide bond B) Glycosidic bond C) Phosphodiester bond D) Disulfide bond

B) Glycosidic bond

Which carbohydrate polymer consists of 3-10 monosaccharides? A) Polysaccharide B) Oligosaccharide C) Monosaccharide D) Disaccharide

B) Oligosaccharide

Which of the following is NOT one of the most common disaccharides? A) Sucrose B) Lactose C) Maltose D) Glucose

D) Glucose

What is a disaccharide? A) A carbohydrate formed by the condensation reaction of three simple sugars. B) A carbohydrate formed by the condensation reaction of two simple sugars. C) A carbohydrate formed by the hydrolysis reaction of two simple sugars. D) A carbohydrate formed by the condensation reaction of four or more simple sugars.

B) A carbohydrate formed by the condensation reaction of two simple sugars.

Which disaccharide is commonly known as "table sugar"? A) Sucrose B) Lactose C) Maltose D) Glucose

A) Sucrose

What are the monosaccharides that make up sucrose? A) Glucose + Fructose B) Glucose + Galactose C) Glucose + Glucose D) Fructose + Galactose

A) Glucose + Fructose

Which disaccharide is commonly referred to as "milk sugar"? A) Sucrose B) Lactose C) Maltose D) Glucose

B) Lactose

What are the monosaccharides that make up lactose? A) Glucose + Fructose B) Glucose + Galactose C) Glucose + Glucose D) Fructose + Galactose

B) Glucose + Galactose

Which disaccharide is formed during the breakdown of starches? A) Sucrose B) Lactose C) Maltose D) Glucose

C) Maltose

What are the monosaccharides that make up maltose? A) Glucose + Fructose B) Glucose + Galactose C) Glucose + Glucose D) Fructose + Galactose

C) Glucose + Glucose

Which disaccharide is commonly found in germinating seeds such as barley and is produced when amylase breaks down starch? A) Sucrose B) Lactose C) Maltose D) Glucose

C) Maltose

Which disaccharide is commonly used to mask disagreeable tastes in troches and tablets? A) Sucrose B) Lactose C) Maltose D) Glucose

A) Sucrose

Which disaccharide is obtained by evaporating milk and is found in malted milk? A) Sucrose B) Lactose C) Maltose D) Glucose

B) Lactose

Which disaccharide is hydrolyzed by the specific enzyme lactase? A) Sucrose B) Lactose C) Maltose D) Glucose

B) Lactose

Which disaccharide is commonly used as a nutrient and a tablet diluent? A) Sucrose B) Lactose C) Maltose D) Glucose

C) Maltose

Which disaccharide is produced when glucose is caramelized? A) Sucrose B) Lactose C) Maltose D) Glucose

C) Maltose

Derived from the dried exudate of *Franxinus ornus *and is used as an osmotic diuretic and laxative in people with neurological trauma? A) Mannitol B) Sorbitol C) Xylitol D) Glucitol

A) Mannitol

Derived from the berries of mountain ash (*Sorbus aucuparia*) and is used in the manufacture of toothpaste and chewing gum? A) Mannitol B) Sorbitol C) Xylitol D) Glucitol

B) Sorbitol

alternative to sorbitol and is commonly used as a sugar substitute? A) Mannitol B) Sorbitol C) Xylitol D) Glucitol

C) Xylitol

Which of the following has a taste that is approximately half as sweet as sugar? A) Mannitol B) Sorbitol C) Xylitol D) Glucitol

B) Sorbitol

Which of the following is also known as D-glucitol? A) Mannitol B) Sorbitol C) Xylitol D) Glucitol

B) Sorbitol

Which of the following is used in people with neurological trauma as an osmotic diuretic and laxative? A) Mannitol B) Sorbitol C) Xylitol D) Glucitol

A) Mannitol

Component of buffer systems and is commonly used as an acidulant in effervescent formulations? A) Cherry Juice B) Citric Acid C) Lactic Acid D) Tartaric Acid

B) Citric Acid

Product of fermentation and undergoes the process of distillation to concentrate the alcohol content? A) Cherry Juice B) Citric Acid C) Lactic Acid D) Alcohol/Ethanol

D) Alcohol/Ethanol

Alcoholic beverages is derived from wine? A) Brandy B) Whiskey C) Rhum D) Diluted Alcohol

A) Brandy

Alcoholic beverages is made from malted grain? A) Brandy B) Whiskey C) Rhum D) Diluted Alcohol

B) Whiskey

A CNS depressant at high concentrations and a CNS stimulant at low concentrations? A) Cherry Juice B) Citric Acid C) Lactic Acid D) Alcohol/Ethanol

D) Alcohol/Ethanol

Alcoholic beverages is derived from molasses of Dil. Alcohol? A) Brandy B) Whiskey C) Rhum D) Diluted Alcohol

C) Rhum

A polysaccharide composed of long chains of glucose units and serves as a major energy storage molecule in plants? A) Starch B) Inulin C) Dextran D) Cellulose

A) Starch

A polysaccharide that consists of fructose units and is commonly found in plants as a storage carbohydrate? A) Starch B) Inulin C) Dextran D) Cellulose

B) Inulin

A polysaccharide formed by bacteria and is used in medical and industrial applications? A) Starch B) Inulin C) Dextran D) Cellulose

C) Dextran

A polysaccharide that forms the structural component of plant cell walls? A) Starch B) Inulin C) Dextran D) Cellulose

D) Cellulose

true about starch? A) It is only found in animal cells B) It is completely indigestible by humans C) It is highly branched in structure D) It is a protein-based molecule

C) It is highly branched in structure

starch preparation is chemically or mechanically processed to rupture all or part of the granules and is commonly used as a tablet binder? A) Pregelatinized starch B) Sodium starch glycollate C) Hetastarch D) Glutens

A) Pregelatinized starch

starch preparation is used as a disintegrating agent in pharmaceutical formulations? A) Pregelatinized starch B) Sodium starch glycollate C) Hetastarch D) Glutens

B) Sodium starch glycollate

Which starch preparation is a plasma expander and consists of more than 90-99% amylopectin? A) Pregelatinized starch B) Sodium starch glycollate C) Hetastarch D) Glutens

C) Hetastarch

Which component is a group of tacky proteins that impedes the flow of starch? A) Pregelatinized starch B) Sodium starch glycollate C) Hetastarch D) Glutens

D) Glutens

polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic bond and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides. A. Monosaccharide B. Disaccharide C. Oligosaccharide D. Polysaccharide

D. Polysaccharide

Examples of polysaccharide:

SIDC

What are the criteria for a plant acid? a) NMT 6C atoms and 2-3 carboxyl groups b) NMT 4C atoms and 1-2 carboxyl groups c) NMT 8C atoms and 3-4 carboxyl groups d) NMT 10C atoms and 4-5 carboxyl groups

a) NMT 6C atoms and 2-3 carboxyl groups

Who isolated citric acid from lemon juice in 1784? a) Louis Pasteur b) Robert Boyle c) Carl Wilhelm Scheele d) Marie Curie

c) Carl Wilhelm Scheele

a by-product of the wine industry? a) Citric acid b) Tartaric acid c) Lactic acid d) Malic acid

b) Tartaric acid

In addition to being an acidulant in infant feeding formula, which acid is also used in feminine wash products like pH care®? a) Citric acid b) Tartaric acid c) Lactic acid d) Malic acid

c) Lactic acid

Linear/Helical 250-300 units 𝛂 -1,4 A. Amylose B. Amylopectin

A. Amylose

Branched (every 25-30 mins) 1000 or more 𝛂-1,4 and 𝛂-1,6 A. Amylose B. Amylopectin

B. Amylopectin

enzyme present in both pancreatic juice and saliva and is responsible for the breakdown of starches? a) Alpha amylase b) Beta amylase c) Lipase d) Protease

a) Alpha amylase

Which enzyme hydrolyses starch to nearly pure maltose? a) Alpha amylase b) Beta amylase c) Lipase d) Protease

b) Beta amylase

Besides its role in starch breakdown, what are the uses of beta amylase? a) Tablet filler b) Binder c) Disintegrant d) All of the above

d) All of the above

antidote for iodine poisoning? a) Alpha amylase b) Beta amylase c) Lipase d) Protease

b) Beta amylase

storage form of carbohydrates in animals and fungi? a) Glycogen b) Inulin c) Dextran d) Cellulose

a) Glycogen

Which polysaccharide is obtained from the subterranean organs of members of the family Compositae and is used in culture media as a fermentative identifying agent for certain bacteria? a) Glycogen b) Inulin c) Dextran d) Cellulose

b) Inulin

water-soluble polysaccharide of glucose is produced by the action of the transglucosylase enzyme system present in Leuconostoc mesenteroides? a) Glycogen b) Inulin c) Dextran d) Cellulose

c) Dextran

What are the uses of dextran? a) Plasma expanders in cases of shock or pending shock caused by hemorrhage, trauma, or severe burns b) Employed to reduce blood viscosity and improve microcirculation at low flow states c) Both a) and b) d) None of the above

c) Both a) and b)

What is the characteristic of cellulose? a) Rigid, colorless, unbranched, and insoluble b) Flexible, colored, branched, and soluble c) Rigid, colored, unbranched, and soluble d) Flexible, colorless, branched, and insoluble

a) Rigid, colorless, unbranched, and insoluble

main use of purified/absorbent cotton? a) Surgical dressing b) Coating agent c) Water purification d) Artificial tears

a) Surgical dressing

How is soluble guncotton/pyroxylin formed? a) Action of nitric and sulfuric acid on cotton b) Deacetylation of chitin c) Hydrolysis of cellulose d) Addition of castor oil and camphor to cotton

a) Action of nitric and sulfuric acid on cotton

What are the additional ingredients in soluble guncotton/pyroxylin and their purposes? a) Castor oil (flexibility) and camphor (waterproofing) b) Methyl cellulose and ethylcellulose (artificial tears) c) Cellulose acetate phthalate (coating agent) d) N/A

a) Castor oil (flexibility) and camphor (waterproofing)

What is the main application of chitosan? a) Surgical dressing b) Coating agent c) Water purification d) Artificial tears

c) Water purification

cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) a) Surgical dressing b) Coating agent c) Water purification d) Artificial tears

b) Coating agent

methyl cellulose and ethycellulose a) Surgical dressing b) Coating agent c) Water purification d) Artificial tears

d) Artificial tears

What is the main function of chitin? a) Water purification b) Structural polysaccharides in animals c) Coating agent d) Artificial tears

b) Structural polysaccharides in animals

What is the primary role of chitin in animals? A) Energy storage B) Water absorption C) Structural support D) Enzyme synthesis

C) Structural support

process involved in the production of chitosan? A) Acetylation of chitin B) Dehydration of chitin C) Deacetylation of chitin D) Hydrolysis of chitin

C) Deacetylation of chitin

defining characteristic of heteroglycans? A) They are composed of N Acetylglucosamine units B) They result from the deacetylation of chitin C) They yield multiple types of monosaccharide units upon hydrolysis D) They are structural polysaccharides in animals

C) They yield multiple types of monosaccharide units upon hydrolysis

Natural plant hydrocolloids that can be classified as anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides or salts of polysaccharides? a) Plant Gums b) Plant Exudates c) Both plant gums and plant exudates d) None of the above

a) Plant Gums

Plant gum derived from Astragalus gummifer and belongs to the Leguminosae/Fabaceae family? a) Tragacanth b) Acacia c) Karaya Gum d) Sodium Alginate

a) Tragacanth

What are the primary components of tragacanth gum? a) Bassorin and tragacanthin b) Arabin and enzymes c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid d) Sodium salt of alginic acid

a) Bassorin and tragacanthin

Which plant gum is derived from Acacia Senegal and belongs to the Leguminosae/Fabaceae family? a) Tragacanth b) Acacia c) Karaya Gum d) Sodium Alginate

b) Acacia

What are the primary components of Acacia gum? a) Bassorin and tragacanthin b) Arabin and enzymes c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid d) Sodium salt of alginic acid

b) Arabin and enzymes

Which plant gum is derived from Sterculia urens or Cochlospermum gossypium? a) Tragacanth b) Acacia c) Karaya Gum d) Sodium Alginate

c) Karaya Gum

What are the primary components of Karaya gum? a) Bassorin and tragacanthin b) Arabin and enzymes c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid d) None of the above

c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid

Plant gum derived from Macrocystis pyrifera and belongs to the Lessoniaceae family? a) Tragacanth b) Acacia c) Karaya Gum d) Sodium Alginate

d) Sodium Alginate

What is the primary component of Sodium Alginate? a) Bassorin and tragacanthin b) Arabin and enzymes c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid d) Sodium salt of alginic acid

d) Sodium salt of alginic acid

Gelling component associated with red algae? A) Kappa B) Lota C) Lambda D) Mannuronic acid E) A and B

E) A and B

Red Algae A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass B. Algin C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss D. Danish Agar

C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss

Brown Seaweeds A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass B. Algin C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss D. Danish Agar

B. Algin

Algae A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass B. Algin C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss D. Danish Agar

A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass

Furcellaria fastigiata A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass B. Algin C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss D. Danish Agar

D. Danish Agar

Chondrus crispus & Gigartina mamillosa A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass B. Algin C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss D. Danish Agar

C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss

Gelidium cartilagineum & Gracilaria confervoides A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass B. Algin C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss D. Danish Agar

A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass

The ripe seed of which plant is used to obtain Cydonium/Quince Seed? A) Plantago psyllium - Spanish B) Plantago ovata - Blonde C) Cydonia vulgaris D) Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

C) Cydonia vulgaris

source of Guar Gum or Guaran? A) Plantago psyllium - Spanish B) Plantago ovata - Blonde C) Cydonia vulgaris D) Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

D) Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

Locust Bean Gum/Carob Pulp or St. John's Bread is derived from the endosperm of the seed of which plant? A) Plantago psyllium - Spanish B) Plantago ovata - Blonde C) Cydonia vulgaris D) Ceratonia siliqua

D) Ceratonia siliqua

Marine gum is commonly used as a chocolate substitute? A) Psyllium B) Cydonium/Quince Seed C) Guar Gum or Guaran D) Locust Bean Gum/Carob Pulp or St. John's Bread

D) Locust Bean Gum/Carob Pulp or St. John's Bread

Xanthan Gum is produced through the action of which bacterium on carbohydrates? A) Xanthomonas campestris B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa C) Streptococcus mutans D) Escherichia coli

A) Xanthomonas campestris

From which part of the fruit is Pectin typically extracted? A) Outer skin B) Pulp C) Seeds D) Inner portion of the rind

D) Inner portion of the rind

Which fruits are commonly used as a source of Pectin? A) Pomelo, grapefruit, orange, ponkan, lemon, calamansi, dalanghita, apple B) Banana, pineapple, mango, kiwi C) Watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew D) Strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, blackberry

A) Pomelo, grapefruit, orange, ponkan, lemon, calamansi, dalanghita, apple

plant extractive used as an antidiarrheal agent? A) Pectin B) Kaopectate C) Protopectin D) Pectic acid

A) Pectin

Which stage of fruit ripeness is associated with protopectin? A) Unripe B) Just ripe C) Overripe D) Sol

A) Unripe

What is the form of pectin when fruits are overripe? A) Protopectin B) Pectin (sol) C) Pectic acid D) Pectin (gel)

C) Pectic acid

general properties of glycosides? A) Colorless liquid, volatile B) Colorless solid, amorphous, non-volatile C) Colored solid, crystalline, volatile D) Colored liquid, amorphous, non-volatile

B) Colorless solid, amorphous, non-volatile

non-carbohydrate residue attached to the carbohydrate in a glycoside called? A) Glycone B) Aglycone C) Glucose D) Genin

B) Aglycone

Which solution tests give a positive reaction for glycosides after hydrolysis? A) Molisch's and Fehling's B) Benedict's and Barfoed's C) Tollens' and Seliwanoff's D) Iodine and Biuret

A) Molisch's and Fehling's

How are natural glycosides hydrolyzed? A) By boiling with organic solvents B) By enzymatic action C) By exposure to sunlight D) By boiling with mineral acids

D) By boiling with mineral acids

What is the taste characteristic of most glycosides? A) Sweet B) Sour C) Bitter D) Salty

C) Bitter

linked directly to the carbon atom of the aglycone? A) C-glycosides B) O-glycosides C) N-glycosides D) S-glycosides

A) C-glycosides

sugar part linked to an alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl or carboxyl group? A) C-glycosides B) O-glycosides C) N-glycosides D) S-glycosides

B) O-glycosides

Cardiac glycosides primarily act by inhibiting which pump? A) Na/K/ATPase pump B) H+/K+ ATPase pump C) Ca2+/Na+ exchanger pump D) Ca2+/ATPase pump

A) Na/K/ATPase pump

Cardiac glycosides that is the most prevalent in nature? A) Cardenolides B) Bufadienolides C) Flavones D) Anthocyanidins

A) Cardenolides

DOC (drug of choice) for controlling rapid ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter? A) Flavonoid glycosides B) Anthraquinone glycosides C) Cardiac glycosides D) O-glycosides

C) Cardiac glycosides

What does the Keller-Killiani Test detect in relation to glycosides? A) Presence of flavonoids B) Presence of anthraquinones C) Presence of cardiac glycosides D) Presence of 2-deoxy sugar

D) Presence of 2-deoxy sugar

Lily-of-the-Valley

Convallaria

Pheasant's eye

Adonis

Black Indian Hemp Dogbane, Canadian Hemp

Apocynum

Rose bay

Oleander/Adelfa

Night blooming cereus

Cactus Grandiflorus

Christmas rose

Black Hellebore

Digitalis purpurea

Foxglove

Digitalis lanata

Grecian Foxglove

Urginea maritima

Squill

Grecian Foxglove AC

Digoxin

Foxglove AC

Digitoxin (lipid soluble, long t1/2 )

Convallaria AC

Convallatoxin

Adonis AC

Adanitoxin

Strophanthus AC

k-strophanthin/Strophanthidin

Apocynum AC

Cymarin

Oleander/Adelfa AC

Oleandrin

Squillc AC

Scillaren A

Black Hellebore AC

hellebrin

aglycone part of anthraquinone glycosides derived from? a) Flavonoids b) Terpenoids c) Anthraquinone d) Coumarins

c) Anthraquinone

anthraquinone glycosides primarily found? a) Monocot plants b) Dicot plants c) Liliaceae plants d) Leguminous plants

b) Dicot plants

What effect do anthraquinone glycosides have on the body? a) Analgesic effect b) Diuretic effect c) Laxative effect d) Sedative effect

c) Laxative effect

Test used to identify anthraquinone glycosides? a) Fehling's test b) Molisch's test c) Salkowski test d) Borntrager's test

d) Borntrager's test

plant is associated with cascara sagrada? a) Rhamnus purshiana b) Aloe vera c) Senna alexandrina d) Cassia angustifolia

a) Rhamnus purshiana

D glycosides in cascara sagrada is based on? a) Barbaloin b) Chrysaloin c) Emodin d) Aloin

c) Emodin

What is casanthranol? a) A purified mixture of anthranol glycosides from cascara sagrada b) An isomer of barbaloin c) A glycoside based on aloin d) A derivative of emodin

a) A purified mixture of anthranol glycosides from cascara sagrada

isomer of barbaloin associated with cascara sagrada? a) Casanthranol b) Chrysaloin c) Cascorosides A&B d) Cascorosides C&D

c) Cascorosides A&B

common name for the bark of Frangula? a) Buckthorn bark b) Sacred bark c) Cascara sagrada d) Aloe vera

a) Buckthorn bark

main active constituents in Frangula? a) Frangulin A&B b) Casanthranol c) Emodin d) Aloin

a) Frangulin A&B

Frangulin A&B are glycosides derived from which plant? a) Rhamnus purshiana b) Rhamnus frangula c) Cascara sagrada d) Senna alexandrina

b) Rhamnus frangula

Which species of Aloe is native to Cape region? a) Aloe barbadensis b) Aloe africana c) Aloe spicata

b) Aloe africana

species of Rhubarb commonly referred to as Chinese Rhubarb? a) Rheum officinale b) Rheum emodi c) Rheum webbianum d) Rheum palmatum

a) Rheum officinale

environment typically suitable for cultivating Rhubarb? a) Dry desert regions b) Mountainous areas c) Wetlands resembling rice paddies d) Tropical rainforests

c) Wetlands resembling rice paddies

Senna commonly known as Tinnevelly? a) Cassia angustifolia b) Cassia acutifolia c) Cassia fistula d) Cassia senna

a) Cassia angustifolia

Senna is commonly known as Alexandria? a) Cassia angustifolia b) Cassia acutifolia c) Cassia fistula d) Cassia senna

b) Cassia acutifolia

active compounds found in Senna? a) Sennosides A, B, C, and D b) Frangulin A&B c) Cascorosides A&B d) Rhein anthrones

a) Sennosides A, B, C, and D

Chrysarobin is derived from which tree species? a) Andira araroba b) Rhamnus purshiana c) Rheum officinale d) Cassia angustifolia

a) Andira araroba

another name for Andira araroba? a) Goa powder b) Cascara sagrada c) Aloe vera d) Rhubarb

a) Goa powder

animals that are particularly susceptible to the toxicity of saponin glycosides? a) Warm-blooded animals b) Cold-blooded animals c) Herbivorous animals d) Carnivorous animals

b) Cold-blooded animals

test used to identify saponin glycosides based on the frothing property? a) Froth test b) Capillary test c) BAM Test d) Hemolysis Test

a) Froth test

Which hemolysis type indicates partial hemolysis? a) 𝜶 hemolysis b) 𝛃 hemolysis c) 𝛄 hemolysis

a) 𝜶 hemolysis

Which hemolysis type indicates complete hemolysis? a) 𝜶 hemolysis b) 𝛃 hemolysis c) 𝛄 hemolysis

b) 𝛃 hemolysis

Which hemolysis type indicates no hemolysis? a) 𝜶 hemolysis b) 𝛃 hemolysis c) 𝛄 hemolysis

c) 𝛄 hemolysis

plant is commonly associated with Licorice root? a) Glycyrrhiza glabra b) Rhamnus purshiana c) Cassia angustifolia d) Andira araroba

a) Glycyrrhiza glabra

50x as sweet as sugar a) Glycyrrhizin/Glycyrrhic acid b) Glycyrrhetic acid c) Frangulin A&B d) Sennosides A, B, C, and D

a) Glycyrrhizin/Glycyrrhic acid

anti-inflammatory compound found in Glycyrrhiza? a) Glycyrrhizin b) Glycyrrhetic acid c) Frangulin A&B d) Sennosides A, B, C, and D

b) Glycyrrhetic acid

species of Ginseng commonly known as American Ginseng? a) Panax quinquefolius b) Panax ginseng c) Panax notoginseng d) Panax pseudoginseng

a) Panax quinquefolius

species of Ginseng is commonly known as Asian or Korean Ginseng? a) Panax quinquefolius b) Panax ginseng c) Panax notoginseng d) Panax pseudoginseng

b) Panax ginseng

active compounds found in Ginseng? a) Ginsenosides b) Panaxosides c) Chikusetsusaponins d) All of the above

d) All of the above

species of Dioscorea is considered the best source of steroids? a) Dioscorea floribunda b) Dioscorea spiculiflora c) Dioscorea alata d) Dioscorea villosa

a) Dioscorea floribunda

species of Dioscorea contains diosgenin? a) Dioscorea floribunda b) Dioscorea spiculiflora c) Dioscorea alata d) Dioscorea villosa

b) Dioscorea spiculiflora

active compound found in Dioscorea that is important in steroid synthesis? a) Botogenin b) Diosgenin c) Cortisone d) Floribundin

b) Diosgenin

characteristic feature is present in the aglycone of cyanophore glycosides? a) Hydroxyl group b) Cyanide group c) Carbonyl group d) Sulfate group

b) Cyanide group

products obtained upon hydrolysis of cyanophore glycosides? a) Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and mandelonitrile b) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose c) Acetic acid and ethanol d) Lactic acid and lactose

a) Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and mandelonitrile

plant species is the source of prunasin, a cyanophore glycoside? a) Prunus serotine b) Sambucus nigra c) Prunus persica d) Sambucus canadensis

a) Prunus serotine

compound of a cyanophore glycoside found in Sambucus nigra? a) Amygdalin b) Prunasin c) Sambunigrin d) Cyanoglucoside

c) Sambunigrin

enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of amygdalin and prunasin? a) Emulsin b) Amygdalase c) Prunase d) Mandelonitrilase

a) Emulsin

major glycoside found in bitter almonds? a) Amygdalin b) Prunasin c) Sambunigrin d) Cyanoglucoside

a) Amygdalin (Amygdalus communis)

Wild Cherry 🍒 SN

Prunus Virginiana

Controversial Tx for sickle cell from Apricot pits

Laetrile/B17 (prunus armeniaca)

Mannihotoxin from (manihot esculenta) or also known as

Cassava

AC of Wild cherry, 🍒 prunus serotina?

Prunasin

Apricot pits SN

prunus armeniaca

What does the aglycone of isothiocyanates contain? a) Oxygen b) Nitrogen c) Sulfur d) Carbon

c) Sulfur

aglycone derivatives of isothiocyanates? a) Aliphatic derivatives b) Aromatic derivatives c) Both aliphatic and aromatic derivatives d) None of the above

c) Both aliphatic and aromatic derivatives

sinigrin come from? a) Black mustard b) White mustard c) Rape seed d) None of the above

a) Black mustard

Sinalbin come from? a) Black mustard b) White mustard c) Rape seed d) None of the above

b) White mustard

Gluconapin come from? a) Black mustard b) White mustard c) Rape seed d) None of the above

c) Rape seed

local irritant, emetic, rubefacient, vesicant, condiment

Black & White mustard

Flavonol glycosides are responsible for the coloring of: a) Meats and poultry b) Dairy products c) Fruits, vegetables, and herbs d) Grains and cereals

c) Fruits, vegetables, and herbs

"vitamin P" or permeability factors? a) Quercetin and kaempferol b) Rutin and hesperidin c) Cyanidin and delphinidin d) Apigenin and luteolin

b) Rutin and hesperidin

also known as vitamin H? a) Biotin b) Riboflavin c) Thiamine d) Niacin

a) Biotin

also known as vitamin F? a) Folic acid b) Vitamin Folate c) Essential fatty acids d) Vitamin Ferulic acid

c) Essential fatty acids

compound of an alcohol glycoside obtained from several species of Salix and Populus? a) Quercetin b) Resveratrol c) Salicin d) Curcumin

c) Salicin

Alcohol glycosides, such as salicin, are known for their: a) Antiviral properties b) Antioxidant properties c) Antirheumatic properties d) Antibacterial properties

c) Antirheumatic properties

main component found in vanilla? a) Vanadium b) Vanillin c) Vanadium glycoside d) Vanillic acid

b) Vanillin

compound is present in the cambium sap of pine trees and is an example of an aldehyde glycoside? a) Quercetin b) Resveratrol c) Coniferin d) Curcumin

c) Coniferin

present in clove oil a) Eugenol b) Vanillin c) Coniferin d) Lignin

a) Eugenol

a by-product of the pulp industry a) Eugenol b) Vanillin c) Coniferin d) Lignin

d) Lignin

Tonka beans:

Coumarin (dipteryx odorata)

coumarin derivative (precursor of warfarin - PO anticoagulant)

Dicoumarol/Bishydroxycoumarin

Spanish flies, Russian flies, Blistering flies AC:

Cantharidin (cantharis vesicatoria)

Bishop's flower:

Psoralens (ammi majus)

photosensitizing furocoumarins

Psoralens

Psoralens AC:

Methoxalen - repigmentation in vitiligo Trioxsalen

Arbutin, a phenol glycoside, is found in which two plant species? a) Uva ursi and chimaphila b) Lavender and rosemary c) Echinacea and ginseng d) St. John's wort and valerian

a) Uva ursi and chimaphila

Phloridzin, a phenol glycoside, is primarily found in which group of plants? a) Rosaceous plants b) Leguminous plants c) Solanaceous plants d) Cruciferous plants

a) Rosaceous plants

Uva Ursi, also known as bearberry, is derived from which plant species? a) Arctostaphylos uva ursi b) Vaccinium macrocarpon c) Aloe vera d) Lavandula angustifolia

a) Arctostaphylos uva ursi

major constituent of Uva Ursi known for its potential diuretic and antiseptic properties? a) Arbutin b) Quercetin c) Gallic acid d) Ursolic acid

a) Arbutin

Tannins are difficult to separate because they: a) Crystallize easily b) Are volatile in nature c) Are complex mixtures of polyphenols d) Form covalent bonds with other compounds

c) Are complex mixtures of polyphenols - they do not crystallize

Tannins form a colloidal solution in water and have which of the following characteristics? a) Alkaline reaction and sweet taste b) Acid reaction and sharp puckering taste c) Neutral pH and salty taste d) Basic pH and sour taste

b) Acid reaction and sharp puckering taste

Tannins have the ability to precipitate proteins and render them resistant to proteolytic enzymes. This action is known as: a) Coagulation b) Emulsification c) Fermentation d) Astringency

d) Astringency

consists of gallic acid or related polyhydric compounds esterified with glucose. HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS NON-HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS

HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS

condensed tannins contains only phenolic nuclei ➔ Ex. Leucocyanidin HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS NON-HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS

NON-HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS

Witch Hazel AC:

hamamelitannin (Hamamelis virginiana)

used to detect the presence of tannins:

Goldbeater test & Gelatin test

Tannins can precipitate:

PAG proteins, alkaloids, glycosides

Ax for alkaloid poisoning?

Tannic acid

Lipids are: a) Esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohol b) Esters of short chain fatty acids and alcohol c) Polysaccharides d) Proteins

a) Esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohol

the following is NOT a type of lipid? a) Fixed oils b) Fats c) Waxes d) Polysaccharides

d) Polysaccharides

solid at room temperature? a) Fixed oils b) Fats c) Waxes d) They are all solid at room temperature

b) Fats

olive, almond oil are: Nondrying Semi-drying Drying

Nondrying

Cottonseed, sesame oil: Nondrying Semi-drying Drying

Semi-drying

Linseed, cod liver oil: Nondrying Semi-drying Drying

Drying

AC in coconut oil (cocos nucifera):

Lauric & Myristic acid

SN of palm oil

Elaeis guineensis

AC of riccinus communis that is alkaloid: Ricin Ricinine Azeleic acid

Ricinine

AC of riccinus communis that is toxic: Ricin Ricinine Azeleic acid

Ricin

AC of riccinus communis that is anti-acne: Ricin Ricinine Azeleic acid

Azeleic acid

ON of Olive oil 🫒

Sweet oil

AC of olea earopaea

oleic acid

part of a plant typically contains larger quantities of fats and oil? a) Leaves b) Roots c) Flowers d) Seeds

d) Seeds

Sterols are characterized by: a) Being alcohols containing cyclopentanophenanthrene b) Being esters consisting of glycerols and fatty acids c) Being composed of fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous compounds d) Being substances isolated from the brain and other sources

a) Being alcohols containing cyclopentanophenanthrene

Glycolipids, specifically cerebrosides, are substances primarily isolated from: a) Plants b) Animal brains c) Fungi d) Bacteria

b) Animal brains

Upon hydrolysis, glycolipids (cerebrosides) yield which components? a) Fatty acids, glucose, and sphingosine b) Fatty acids, galactose, and sphingosine c) Fatty acids, fructose, and glycerol d) Fatty acids, sucrose, and serine

b) Fatty acids, galactose, and sphingosine

the following is an example of a fixed oil? A) Olive oil B) Lard C) Spermaceti D) Beeswax

A) Olive oil

property distinguishes fixed oils from fats? A) Their ester composition B) Their solid state at ordinary temperature C) Their high molecular weight D) Their source of origin

B) Their solid state at ordinary temperature

the following is an example of a solid fat at ordinary temperature? A) Olive oil B) Lard C) Spermaceti D) Corn oil

B) Lard

waxes composed of? A) Glycerol and fatty acids B) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and fatty acids C) Monohydric alcohols and monohydric acids D) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and monohydric acids

B) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and fatty acids ex. spermaceti

What are fixed oils and fats? A) Esters of glycerol and fatty acids B) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and fatty acids C) Esters of glycerol and monohydric alcohols D) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and monohydric acids

A) Esters of glycerol and fatty acids

How are fatty acids usually obtained? A) Hydrolysis of proteins B) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates C) Hydrolysis of fats or oils D) Synthesis from amino acids

C) Hydrolysis of fats or oils

Sclerosing agent from Cod liver oil (gadus morrhua)

Na morrhuate

Ux of undecylenic acid

Anti-fungal

Origin: from wool of Ovis aries

Lanolin

Arachis Oil (Arachis hypogaea)

Peanut oil 🥜

Rapeseed Oil (Brassica campestris & Brassica napus)

Canola Oil, AC: Erucic acid

from lipid fraction of soybean; steroid hormone precursor

Stigmasterol

useful in controlling deranged lipid and cholesterol metabolism.

Lecithin

Make substitues for lard, soap

Cottonseed oil

phenolic constituent which owes the excellent stability of the oil produced by the hydrolysis of sesamolin

Sesamol

Sesame Oil

Teel oil, Benne oil

Apricot/Peach kernel oil

Persic oil

Zea mays embryo

Corn oil

Carthamus tinctoria

Safflower Oll

Helianthus annus

Sunflower Oil

Flaxseed oil

Linseed oil

Food for the Gods

Theobroma Oil

lodine addition product of ethyl ester of the fatty acids of poppy seed

Ethiodized Oil Injection