Pharmacognosy (w/ Plant Chemistry) Flashcards
“The study of crude drugs”
A. Botany
B. Taxonomy
C. Pharmacology
D. Pharmacognosy
E. NOTA
D. Pharmacognosy
Laws of Hammurabi (172 BC); clay models of human body; medicinal effects of 250 plants
A. Babylonians
B. Egyptians
C. Indians
D. Germans
E. Greeks
A. Babylonians
A Greek physician wrote “De Materia Medica” in 78 A.D. in which he described about 600 plants that were known to have medicinal properties.
A. DIOSCORIDES
B. GALEN
C. CA Seydler
D. JA Schmidt
E. Emperor Shen Nung
A. DIOSCORIDES
Traditional medicine; “Science of life”; Mother of all healing arts
A. Babylonians
B. Egyptians
C. Indians
D. Germans
E. Greeks
C. Indians: Ayurveda
A Greek pharmacist- physician who lived in Rome, described the method of preparing formulas containing plant and animal drugs. “FATHER OF PHARMACY”
A. DIOSCORIDES
B. GALEN
C. CA Seydler
D. JA Schmidt
E. Emperor Shen Nung
B. GALEN
he coined the term, “pharmacognosy” from “pharmakon” and “gnosis” in Analecta Pharmacognistica
A. JA Schmidt
B. CA Seydler
C. F.A. Fluckiger
D. Friedrich serterne4
E. Shen nung
B. CA Seydler
used the word, “pharmacognosy”; Lehrbuch der Materia Medica
J.A Schimdt
Ensure the true natural source of drug (species to cultivate). Improper collection results to partial or complete substitution
A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
F. Packaging, Storage, Preservation
A. Collection
Sample gathering on specific or proper season (best time highest content); Manual labor vs. mechanical devices
A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
F. Packaging, Storage, Preservation
E. Harvesting
Remove moisture to prevent bacterial or fungal growth and enzymatic degradation
A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
F. Packaging, Storage, Preservation
C. Drying
Special drying process enhancing the properties of the plant’s active ingredient
A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
E. Packaging, Storage, Preservation
B. Curing
Removal of extraneous matter. Final step in the crude drug preparation
A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
E. Packaging, Storage, Preservation
D. Garbling
For protection and marketability (maintain quality). Heat at 65°C (simplest); fumigation with CH3Br; add a drop of CHCI3 or CCl4
A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
E. Packaging, Storage, Preservation
E. Packaging, Storage, Preservation
Are vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances that have undergone only the process of collection and drying.
Any products that has not been advanced in value or improved in condition
Crude drugs
Natural substances
Crude drugs
Substances found in nature that comprise the whole plants and herbs and anatomic parts thereof
Crude drugs
Natural substances
Natural substances
This increases the weight of the drug
Moisture
This increases oxidation
Air
No definitive pharmacologic activity, their presence sometimes prevents the absorbability or potency of the active constituents.
INERT/INACTIVE CONSTITUENTS
constituents that may cause precipitation or other chemical changes in medicinal preparations.
A. PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE
B. PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE
A. PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE
responsible for the therapeutic activity of the drug, its either single chemical substances or mixtures of principle.
A. PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE
B. PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE
B. PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE
Major source of energy, most abundant biomolecules on earth, main source of energy for all living organisms, serves as structural components.
A. Lipid
B. Carbohydrates
C. Amino acids
D. Resins
E. Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
Which type of sugar yields 2 monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysis?
A) Monosaccharides
B) Disaccharides
C) Trisaccharides
D) Tetrasaccharides
B) Disaccharides
Which type of sugar cannot be hydrolyzed to simple sugars?
A) Monosaccharides
B) Disaccharides
C) Trisaccharides
D) Tetrasaccharides
A) Monosaccharides
How many monosaccharide molecules are yielded on hydrolysis of trisaccharides?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
C) 3
How many monosaccharide molecules are yielded on hydrolysis of tetraccharides?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
D) 4
Which of the following are the three main monosaccharides in the human diet?
A) Glucose, galactose, and fructose
B) Glucose, sucrose, and fructose
C) Lactose, galactose, and fructose
D) Maltose, glucose, and fructose
A) Glucose, galactose, and fructose
Which monosaccharide is commonly known as “milk sugar”?
A) Glucose
B) Galactose
C) Fructose
D) Sucrose
B) Galactose
Which monosaccharide is commonly referred to as “blood sugar”?
A) Glucose
B) Galactose
C) Fructose
D) Sucrose
A) Glucose
Which monosaccharide is known for being the most water-soluble among sugars?
A) Glucose
B) Galactose
C) Fructose
D) Sucrose
C) Fructose
Which monosaccharide is commonly associated with fruits and is often called “fruit sugar”?
A) Glucose
B) Galactose
C) Fructose
D) Sucrose
C) Fructose
Which type of oligosaccharides are synthesized through the enzymatic connection of lactose?
A) Galactooligosaccharides
B) Human Milk Oligosaccharides
C) Fructooligosaccharides
D) Maltodextrins
A) Galactooligosaccharides
Which type of oligosaccharides are complex glycans found in breast milk?
A) Galactooligosaccharides
B) Human Milk Oligosaccharides
C) Fructooligosaccharides
D) Maltodextrins
B) Human Milk Oligosaccharides
What is the backbone of Human Milk Oligosaccharides?
A) Glucose
B) Fructose
C) Galactose
D) Disaccharide lactose
D) Disaccharide lactose
What type of bond links monosaccharides in oligosaccharides?
A) Peptide bond
B) Glycosidic bond
C) Phosphodiester bond
D) Disulfide bond
B) Glycosidic bond
Which carbohydrate polymer consists of 3-10 monosaccharides?
A) Polysaccharide
B) Oligosaccharide
C) Monosaccharide
D) Disaccharide
B) Oligosaccharide
Which of the following is NOT one of the most common disaccharides?
A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose
D) Glucose
What is a disaccharide?
A) A carbohydrate formed by the condensation reaction of three simple sugars.
B) A carbohydrate formed by the condensation reaction of two simple sugars.
C) A carbohydrate formed by the hydrolysis reaction of two simple sugars.
D) A carbohydrate formed by the condensation reaction of four or more simple sugars.
B) A carbohydrate formed by the condensation reaction of two simple sugars.
Which disaccharide is commonly known as “table sugar”?
A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose
A) Sucrose
What are the monosaccharides that make up sucrose?
A) Glucose + Fructose
B) Glucose + Galactose
C) Glucose + Glucose
D) Fructose + Galactose
A) Glucose + Fructose
Which disaccharide is commonly referred to as “milk sugar”?
A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose
B) Lactose
What are the monosaccharides that make up lactose?
A) Glucose + Fructose
B) Glucose + Galactose
C) Glucose + Glucose
D) Fructose + Galactose
B) Glucose + Galactose
Which disaccharide is formed during the breakdown of starches?
A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose
C) Maltose
What are the monosaccharides that make up maltose?
A) Glucose + Fructose
B) Glucose + Galactose
C) Glucose + Glucose
D) Fructose + Galactose
C) Glucose + Glucose
Which disaccharide is commonly found in germinating seeds such as barley and is produced when amylase breaks down starch?
A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose
C) Maltose
Which disaccharide is commonly used to mask disagreeable tastes in troches and tablets?
A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose
A) Sucrose
Which disaccharide is obtained by evaporating milk and is found in malted milk?
A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose
B) Lactose
Which disaccharide is hydrolyzed by the specific enzyme lactase?
A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose
B) Lactose
Which disaccharide is commonly used as a nutrient and a tablet diluent?
A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose
C) Maltose
Which disaccharide is produced when glucose is caramelized?
A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose
C) Maltose
Derived from the dried exudate of *Franxinus ornus *and is used as an osmotic diuretic and laxative in people with neurological trauma?
A) Mannitol
B) Sorbitol
C) Xylitol
D) Glucitol
A) Mannitol
Derived from the berries of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) and is used in the manufacture of toothpaste and chewing gum?
A) Mannitol
B) Sorbitol
C) Xylitol
D) Glucitol
B) Sorbitol
alternative to sorbitol and is commonly used as a sugar substitute?
A) Mannitol
B) Sorbitol
C) Xylitol
D) Glucitol
C) Xylitol
Which of the following has a taste that is approximately half as sweet as sugar?
A) Mannitol
B) Sorbitol
C) Xylitol
D) Glucitol
B) Sorbitol
Which of the following is also known as D-glucitol?
A) Mannitol
B) Sorbitol
C) Xylitol
D) Glucitol
B) Sorbitol
Which of the following is used in people with neurological trauma as an osmotic diuretic and laxative?
A) Mannitol
B) Sorbitol
C) Xylitol
D) Glucitol
A) Mannitol
Component of buffer systems and is commonly used as an acidulant in effervescent formulations?
A) Cherry Juice
B) Citric Acid
C) Lactic Acid
D) Tartaric Acid
B) Citric Acid
Product of fermentation and undergoes the process of distillation to concentrate the alcohol content?
A) Cherry Juice
B) Citric Acid
C) Lactic Acid
D) Alcohol/Ethanol
D) Alcohol/Ethanol
Alcoholic beverages is derived from wine?
A) Brandy
B) Whiskey
C) Rhum
D) Diluted Alcohol
A) Brandy
Alcoholic beverages is made from malted grain?
A) Brandy
B) Whiskey
C) Rhum
D) Diluted Alcohol
B) Whiskey
A CNS depressant at high concentrations and a CNS stimulant at low concentrations?
A) Cherry Juice
B) Citric Acid
C) Lactic Acid
D) Alcohol/Ethanol
D) Alcohol/Ethanol
Alcoholic beverages is derived from molasses of Dil. Alcohol?
A) Brandy
B) Whiskey
C) Rhum
D) Diluted Alcohol
C) Rhum
A polysaccharide composed of long chains of glucose units and serves as a major energy storage molecule in plants?
A) Starch
B) Inulin
C) Dextran
D) Cellulose
A) Starch
A polysaccharide that consists of fructose units and is commonly found in plants as a storage carbohydrate?
A) Starch
B) Inulin
C) Dextran
D) Cellulose
B) Inulin
A polysaccharide formed by bacteria and is used in medical and industrial applications?
A) Starch
B) Inulin
C) Dextran
D) Cellulose
C) Dextran
A polysaccharide that forms the structural component of plant cell walls?
A) Starch
B) Inulin
C) Dextran
D) Cellulose
D) Cellulose
true about starch?
A) It is only found in animal cells
B) It is completely indigestible by humans
C) It is highly branched in structure
D) It is a protein-based molecule
C) It is highly branched in structure
starch preparation is chemically or mechanically processed to rupture all or part of the granules and is commonly used as a tablet binder?
A) Pregelatinized starch
B) Sodium starch glycollate
C) Hetastarch
D) Glutens
A) Pregelatinized starch
starch preparation is used as a disintegrating agent in pharmaceutical formulations?
A) Pregelatinized starch
B) Sodium starch glycollate
C) Hetastarch
D) Glutens
B) Sodium starch glycollate
Which starch preparation is a plasma expander and consists of more than 90-99% amylopectin?
A) Pregelatinized starch
B) Sodium starch glycollate
C) Hetastarch
D) Glutens
C) Hetastarch
Which component is a group of tacky proteins that impedes the flow of starch?
A) Pregelatinized starch
B) Sodium starch glycollate
C) Hetastarch
D) Glutens
D) Glutens
polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic bond and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides.
A. Monosaccharide
B. Disaccharide
C. Oligosaccharide
D. Polysaccharide
D. Polysaccharide
Examples of polysaccharide:
SIDC
What are the criteria for a plant acid?
a) NMT 6C atoms and 2-3 carboxyl groups
b) NMT 4C atoms and 1-2 carboxyl groups
c) NMT 8C atoms and 3-4 carboxyl groups
d) NMT 10C atoms and 4-5 carboxyl groups
a) NMT 6C atoms and 2-3 carboxyl groups
Who isolated citric acid from lemon juice in 1784?
a) Louis Pasteur
b) Robert Boyle
c) Carl Wilhelm Scheele
d) Marie Curie
c) Carl Wilhelm Scheele
a by-product of the wine industry?
a) Citric acid
b) Tartaric acid
c) Lactic acid
d) Malic acid
b) Tartaric acid
In addition to being an acidulant in infant feeding formula, which acid is also used in feminine wash products like pH care®?
a) Citric acid
b) Tartaric acid
c) Lactic acid
d) Malic acid
c) Lactic acid
Linear/Helical 250-300 units 𝛂 -1,4
A. Amylose
B. Amylopectin
A. Amylose
Branched (every 25-30 mins) 1000 or more 𝛂-1,4 and 𝛂-1,6
A. Amylose
B. Amylopectin
B. Amylopectin
enzyme present in both pancreatic juice and saliva and is responsible for the breakdown of starches?
a) Alpha amylase
b) Beta amylase
c) Lipase
d) Protease
a) Alpha amylase
Which enzyme hydrolyses starch to nearly pure maltose?
a) Alpha amylase
b) Beta amylase
c) Lipase
d) Protease
b) Beta amylase
Besides its role in starch breakdown, what are the uses of beta amylase?
a) Tablet filler
b) Binder
c) Disintegrant
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
antidote for iodine poisoning?
a) Alpha amylase
b) Beta amylase
c) Lipase
d) Protease
b) Beta amylase
storage form of carbohydrates in animals and fungi?
a) Glycogen
b) Inulin
c) Dextran
d) Cellulose
a) Glycogen
Which polysaccharide is obtained from the subterranean organs of members of the family Compositae and is used in culture media as a fermentative identifying agent for certain bacteria?
a) Glycogen
b) Inulin
c) Dextran
d) Cellulose
b) Inulin
water-soluble polysaccharide of glucose is produced by the action of the transglucosylase enzyme system present in Leuconostoc mesenteroides?
a) Glycogen
b) Inulin
c) Dextran
d) Cellulose
c) Dextran
What are the uses of dextran?
a) Plasma expanders in cases of shock or pending shock caused by hemorrhage, trauma, or severe burns
b) Employed to reduce blood viscosity and improve microcirculation at low flow states
c) Both a) and b)
d) None of the above
c) Both a) and b)
What is the characteristic of cellulose?
a) Rigid, colorless, unbranched, and insoluble
b) Flexible, colored, branched, and soluble
c) Rigid, colored, unbranched, and soluble
d) Flexible, colorless, branched, and insoluble
a) Rigid, colorless, unbranched, and insoluble
main use of purified/absorbent cotton?
a) Surgical dressing
b) Coating agent
c) Water purification
d) Artificial tears
a) Surgical dressing
How is soluble guncotton/pyroxylin formed?
a) Action of nitric and sulfuric acid on cotton
b) Deacetylation of chitin
c) Hydrolysis of cellulose
d) Addition of castor oil and camphor to cotton
a) Action of nitric and sulfuric acid on cotton
What are the additional ingredients in soluble guncotton/pyroxylin and their purposes?
a) Castor oil (flexibility) and camphor (waterproofing)
b) Methyl cellulose and ethylcellulose (artificial tears)
c) Cellulose acetate phthalate (coating agent)
d) N/A
a) Castor oil (flexibility) and camphor (waterproofing)
What is the main application of chitosan?
a) Surgical dressing
b) Coating agent
c) Water purification
d) Artificial tears
c) Water purification
cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP)
a) Surgical dressing
b) Coating agent
c) Water purification
d) Artificial tears
b) Coating agent
methyl cellulose and ethycellulose
a) Surgical dressing
b) Coating agent
c) Water purification
d) Artificial tears
d) Artificial tears
What is the main function of chitin?
a) Water purification
b) Structural polysaccharides in animals
c) Coating agent
d) Artificial tears
b) Structural polysaccharides in animals
What is the primary role of chitin in animals?
A) Energy storage
B) Water absorption
C) Structural support
D) Enzyme synthesis
C) Structural support
process involved in the production of chitosan?
A) Acetylation of chitin
B) Dehydration of chitin
C) Deacetylation of chitin
D) Hydrolysis of chitin
C) Deacetylation of chitin
defining characteristic of heteroglycans?
A) They are composed of N Acetylglucosamine units
B) They result from the deacetylation of chitin
C) They yield multiple types of monosaccharide units upon hydrolysis
D) They are structural polysaccharides in animals
C) They yield multiple types of monosaccharide units upon hydrolysis
Natural plant hydrocolloids that can be classified as anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides or salts of polysaccharides?
a) Plant Gums
b) Plant Exudates
c) Both plant gums and plant exudates
d) None of the above
a) Plant Gums
Plant gum derived from Astragalus gummifer and belongs to the Leguminosae/Fabaceae family?
a) Tragacanth
b) Acacia
c) Karaya Gum
d) Sodium Alginate
a) Tragacanth
What are the primary components of tragacanth gum?
a) Bassorin and tragacanthin
b) Arabin and enzymes
c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid
d) Sodium salt of alginic acid
a) Bassorin and tragacanthin
Which plant gum is derived from Acacia Senegal and belongs to the Leguminosae/Fabaceae family?
a) Tragacanth
b) Acacia
c) Karaya Gum
d) Sodium Alginate
b) Acacia
What are the primary components of Acacia gum?
a) Bassorin and tragacanthin
b) Arabin and enzymes
c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid
d) Sodium salt of alginic acid
b) Arabin and enzymes
Which plant gum is derived from Sterculia urens or Cochlospermum gossypium?
a) Tragacanth
b) Acacia
c) Karaya Gum
d) Sodium Alginate
c) Karaya Gum
What are the primary components of Karaya gum?
a) Bassorin and tragacanthin
b) Arabin and enzymes
c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid
d) None of the above
c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid
Plant gum derived from Macrocystis pyrifera and belongs to the Lessoniaceae family?
a) Tragacanth
b) Acacia
c) Karaya Gum
d) Sodium Alginate
d) Sodium Alginate
What is the primary component of Sodium Alginate?
a) Bassorin and tragacanthin
b) Arabin and enzymes
c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid
d) Sodium salt of alginic acid
d) Sodium salt of alginic acid
Gelling component associated with red algae?
A) Kappa
B) Lota
C) Lambda
D) Mannuronic acid
E) A and B
E) A and B
Red Algae
A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
B. Algin
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
D. Danish Agar
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
Brown Seaweeds
A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
B. Algin
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
D. Danish Agar
B. Algin
Algae
A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
B. Algin
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
D. Danish Agar
A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
Furcellaria fastigiata
A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
B. Algin
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
D. Danish Agar
D. Danish Agar
Chondrus crispus & Gigartina mamillosa
A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
B. Algin
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
D. Danish Agar
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
Gelidium cartilagineum & Gracilaria confervoides
A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
B. Algin
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
D. Danish Agar
A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
The ripe seed of which plant is used to obtain Cydonium/Quince Seed?
A) Plantago psyllium - Spanish
B) Plantago ovata - Blonde
C) Cydonia vulgaris
D) Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
C) Cydonia vulgaris
source of Guar Gum or Guaran?
A) Plantago psyllium - Spanish
B) Plantago ovata - Blonde
C) Cydonia vulgaris
D) Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
D) Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
Locust Bean Gum/Carob Pulp or St. John’s Bread is derived from the endosperm of the seed of which plant?
A) Plantago psyllium - Spanish
B) Plantago ovata - Blonde
C) Cydonia vulgaris
D) Ceratonia siliqua
D) Ceratonia siliqua
Marine gum is commonly used as a chocolate substitute?
A) Psyllium
B) Cydonium/Quince Seed
C) Guar Gum or Guaran
D) Locust Bean Gum/Carob Pulp or St. John’s Bread
D) Locust Bean Gum/Carob Pulp or St. John’s Bread
Xanthan Gum is produced through the action of which bacterium on carbohydrates?
A) Xanthomonas campestris
B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
C) Streptococcus mutans
D) Escherichia coli
A) Xanthomonas campestris
From which part of the fruit is Pectin typically extracted?
A) Outer skin
B) Pulp
C) Seeds
D) Inner portion of the rind
D) Inner portion of the rind
Which fruits are commonly used as a source of Pectin?
A) Pomelo, grapefruit, orange, ponkan, lemon, calamansi, dalanghita, apple
B) Banana, pineapple, mango, kiwi
C) Watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew
D) Strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, blackberry
A) Pomelo, grapefruit, orange, ponkan, lemon, calamansi, dalanghita, apple
plant extractive used as an antidiarrheal agent?
A) Pectin
B) Kaopectate
C) Protopectin
D) Pectic acid
A) Pectin
Which stage of fruit ripeness is associated with protopectin?
A) Unripe
B) Just ripe
C) Overripe
D) Sol
A) Unripe
What is the form of pectin when fruits are overripe?
A) Protopectin
B) Pectin (sol)
C) Pectic acid
D) Pectin (gel)
C) Pectic acid
general properties of glycosides?
A) Colorless liquid, volatile
B) Colorless solid, amorphous, non-volatile
C) Colored solid, crystalline, volatile
D) Colored liquid, amorphous, non-volatile
B) Colorless solid, amorphous, non-volatile
non-carbohydrate residue attached to the carbohydrate in a glycoside called?
A) Glycone
B) Aglycone
C) Glucose
D) Genin
B) Aglycone
Which solution tests give a positive reaction for glycosides after hydrolysis?
A) Molisch’s and Fehling’s
B) Benedict’s and Barfoed’s
C) Tollens’ and Seliwanoff’s
D) Iodine and Biuret
A) Molisch’s and Fehling’s
How are natural glycosides hydrolyzed?
A) By boiling with organic solvents
B) By enzymatic action
C) By exposure to sunlight
D) By boiling with mineral acids
D) By boiling with mineral acids
What is the taste characteristic of most glycosides?
A) Sweet
B) Sour
C) Bitter
D) Salty
C) Bitter
linked directly to the carbon atom of the aglycone?
A) C-glycosides
B) O-glycosides
C) N-glycosides
D) S-glycosides
A) C-glycosides
sugar part linked to an alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl or carboxyl group?
A) C-glycosides
B) O-glycosides
C) N-glycosides
D) S-glycosides
B) O-glycosides
Cardiac glycosides primarily act by inhibiting which pump?
A) Na/K/ATPase pump
B) H+/K+ ATPase pump
C) Ca2+/Na+ exchanger pump
D) Ca2+/ATPase pump
A) Na/K/ATPase pump
Cardiac glycosides that is the most prevalent in nature?
A) Cardenolides
B) Bufadienolides
C) Flavones
D) Anthocyanidins
A) Cardenolides
DOC (drug of choice) for controlling rapid ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter?
A) Flavonoid glycosides
B) Anthraquinone glycosides
C) Cardiac glycosides
D) O-glycosides
C) Cardiac glycosides
What does the Keller-Killiani Test detect in relation to glycosides?
A) Presence of flavonoids
B) Presence of anthraquinones
C) Presence of cardiac glycosides
D) Presence of 2-deoxy sugar
D) Presence of 2-deoxy sugar
Lily-of-the-Valley
Convallaria
Pheasant’s eye
Adonis
Black Indian Hemp
Dogbane, Canadian Hemp
Apocynum
Rose bay
Oleander/Adelfa
Night blooming cereus
Cactus Grandiflorus
Christmas rose
Black Hellebore
Digitalis purpurea
Foxglove
Digitalis lanata
Grecian Foxglove
Urginea maritima
Squill
Grecian Foxglove AC
Digoxin
Foxglove AC
Digitoxin (lipid soluble, long t1/2 )
Convallaria AC
Convallatoxin
Adonis AC
Adanitoxin
Strophanthus AC
k-strophanthin/Strophanthidin
Apocynum AC
Cymarin
Oleander/Adelfa AC
Oleandrin
Squillc AC
Scillaren A
Black Hellebore AC
hellebrin
aglycone part of anthraquinone glycosides derived from?
a) Flavonoids
b) Terpenoids
c) Anthraquinone
d) Coumarins
c) Anthraquinone
anthraquinone glycosides primarily found?
a) Monocot plants
b) Dicot plants
c) Liliaceae plants
d) Leguminous plants
b) Dicot plants
What effect do anthraquinone glycosides have on the body?
a) Analgesic effect
b) Diuretic effect
c) Laxative effect
d) Sedative effect
c) Laxative effect
Test used to identify anthraquinone glycosides?
a) Fehling’s test
b) Molisch’s test
c) Salkowski test
d) Borntrager’s test
d) Borntrager’s test
plant is associated with cascara sagrada?
a) Rhamnus purshiana
b) Aloe vera
c) Senna alexandrina
d) Cassia angustifolia
a) Rhamnus purshiana
D glycosides in cascara sagrada is based on?
a) Barbaloin
b) Chrysaloin
c) Emodin
d) Aloin
c) Emodin
What is casanthranol?
a) A purified mixture of anthranol glycosides from cascara sagrada
b) An isomer of barbaloin
c) A glycoside based on aloin
d) A derivative of emodin
a) A purified mixture of anthranol glycosides from cascara sagrada
isomer of barbaloin associated with cascara sagrada?
a) Casanthranol
b) Chrysaloin
c) Cascorosides A&B
d) Cascorosides C&D
c) Cascorosides A&B
common name for the bark of Frangula?
a) Buckthorn bark
b) Sacred bark
c) Cascara sagrada
d) Aloe vera
a) Buckthorn bark
main active constituents in Frangula?
a) Frangulin A&B
b) Casanthranol
c) Emodin
d) Aloin
a) Frangulin A&B
Frangulin A&B are glycosides derived from which plant?
a) Rhamnus purshiana
b) Rhamnus frangula
c) Cascara sagrada
d) Senna alexandrina
b) Rhamnus frangula
Which species of Aloe is native to Cape region?
a) Aloe barbadensis
b) Aloe africana
c) Aloe spicata
b) Aloe africana
species of Rhubarb commonly referred to as Chinese Rhubarb?
a) Rheum officinale
b) Rheum emodi
c) Rheum webbianum
d) Rheum palmatum
a) Rheum officinale
environment typically suitable for cultivating Rhubarb?
a) Dry desert regions
b) Mountainous areas
c) Wetlands resembling rice paddies
d) Tropical rainforests
c) Wetlands resembling rice paddies
Senna commonly known as Tinnevelly?
a) Cassia angustifolia
b) Cassia acutifolia
c) Cassia fistula
d) Cassia senna
a) Cassia angustifolia
Senna is commonly known as Alexandria?
a) Cassia angustifolia
b) Cassia acutifolia
c) Cassia fistula
d) Cassia senna
b) Cassia acutifolia
active compounds found in Senna?
a) Sennosides A, B, C, and D
b) Frangulin A&B
c) Cascorosides A&B
d) Rhein anthrones
a) Sennosides A, B, C, and D
Chrysarobin is derived from which tree species?
a) Andira araroba
b) Rhamnus purshiana
c) Rheum officinale
d) Cassia angustifolia
a) Andira araroba
another name for Andira araroba?
a) Goa powder
b) Cascara sagrada
c) Aloe vera
d) Rhubarb
a) Goa powder
animals that are particularly susceptible to the toxicity of saponin glycosides?
a) Warm-blooded animals
b) Cold-blooded animals
c) Herbivorous animals
d) Carnivorous animals
b) Cold-blooded animals
test used to identify saponin glycosides based on the frothing property?
a) Froth test
b) Capillary test
c) BAM Test
d) Hemolysis Test
a) Froth test
Which hemolysis type indicates partial hemolysis?
a) 𝜶 hemolysis
b) 𝛃 hemolysis
c) 𝛄 hemolysis
a) 𝜶 hemolysis
Which hemolysis type indicates complete hemolysis?
a) 𝜶 hemolysis
b) 𝛃 hemolysis
c) 𝛄 hemolysis
b) 𝛃 hemolysis
Which hemolysis type indicates no hemolysis?
a) 𝜶 hemolysis
b) 𝛃 hemolysis
c) 𝛄 hemolysis
c) 𝛄 hemolysis
plant is commonly associated with Licorice root?
a) Glycyrrhiza glabra
b) Rhamnus purshiana
c) Cassia angustifolia
d) Andira araroba
a) Glycyrrhiza glabra
50x as sweet as sugar
a) Glycyrrhizin/Glycyrrhic acid
b) Glycyrrhetic acid
c) Frangulin A&B
d) Sennosides A, B, C, and D
a) Glycyrrhizin/Glycyrrhic acid
anti-inflammatory compound found in Glycyrrhiza?
a) Glycyrrhizin
b) Glycyrrhetic acid
c) Frangulin A&B
d) Sennosides A, B, C, and D
b) Glycyrrhetic acid
species of Ginseng commonly known as American Ginseng?
a) Panax quinquefolius
b) Panax ginseng
c) Panax notoginseng
d) Panax pseudoginseng
a) Panax quinquefolius
species of Ginseng is commonly known as Asian or Korean Ginseng?
a) Panax quinquefolius
b) Panax ginseng
c) Panax notoginseng
d) Panax pseudoginseng
b) Panax ginseng
active compounds found in Ginseng?
a) Ginsenosides
b) Panaxosides
c) Chikusetsusaponins
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
species of Dioscorea is considered the best source of steroids?
a) Dioscorea floribunda
b) Dioscorea spiculiflora
c) Dioscorea alata
d) Dioscorea villosa
a) Dioscorea floribunda
species of Dioscorea contains diosgenin?
a) Dioscorea floribunda
b) Dioscorea spiculiflora
c) Dioscorea alata
d) Dioscorea villosa
b) Dioscorea spiculiflora
active compound found in Dioscorea that is important in steroid synthesis?
a) Botogenin
b) Diosgenin
c) Cortisone
d) Floribundin
b) Diosgenin
characteristic feature is present in the aglycone of cyanophore glycosides?
a) Hydroxyl group
b) Cyanide group
c) Carbonyl group
d) Sulfate group
b) Cyanide group
products obtained upon hydrolysis of cyanophore glycosides?
a) Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and mandelonitrile
b) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose
c) Acetic acid and ethanol
d) Lactic acid and lactose
a) Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and mandelonitrile
plant species is the source of prunasin, a cyanophore glycoside?
a) Prunus serotine
b) Sambucus nigra
c) Prunus persica
d) Sambucus canadensis
a) Prunus serotine
compound of a cyanophore glycoside found in Sambucus nigra?
a) Amygdalin
b) Prunasin
c) Sambunigrin
d) Cyanoglucoside
c) Sambunigrin
enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of amygdalin and prunasin?
a) Emulsin
b) Amygdalase
c) Prunase
d) Mandelonitrilase
a) Emulsin
major glycoside found in bitter almonds?
a) Amygdalin
b) Prunasin
c) Sambunigrin
d) Cyanoglucoside
a) Amygdalin (Amygdalus communis)
Wild Cherry 🍒 SN
Prunus Virginiana
Controversial Tx for sickle cell from Apricot pits
Laetrile/B17 (prunus armeniaca)
Mannihotoxin from (manihot esculenta) or also known as
Cassava
AC of Wild cherry, 🍒 prunus serotina?
Prunasin
Apricot pits SN
prunus armeniaca
What does the aglycone of isothiocyanates contain?
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Sulfur
d) Carbon
c) Sulfur
aglycone derivatives of isothiocyanates?
a) Aliphatic derivatives
b) Aromatic derivatives
c) Both aliphatic and aromatic derivatives
d) None of the above
c) Both aliphatic and aromatic derivatives
sinigrin come from?
a) Black mustard
b) White mustard
c) Rape seed
d) None of the above
a) Black mustard
Sinalbin come from?
a) Black mustard
b) White mustard
c) Rape seed
d) None of the above
b) White mustard
Gluconapin come from?
a) Black mustard
b) White mustard
c) Rape seed
d) None of the above
c) Rape seed
local irritant, emetic, rubefacient, vesicant, condiment
Black & White mustard
Flavonol glycosides are responsible for the coloring of:
a) Meats and poultry
b) Dairy products
c) Fruits, vegetables, and herbs
d) Grains and cereals
c) Fruits, vegetables, and herbs
“vitamin P” or permeability factors?
a) Quercetin and kaempferol
b) Rutin and hesperidin
c) Cyanidin and delphinidin
d) Apigenin and luteolin
b) Rutin and hesperidin
also known as vitamin H?
a) Biotin
b) Riboflavin
c) Thiamine
d) Niacin
a) Biotin
also known as vitamin F?
a) Folic acid
b) Vitamin Folate
c) Essential fatty acids
d) Vitamin Ferulic acid
c) Essential fatty acids
compound of an alcohol glycoside obtained from several species of Salix and Populus?
a) Quercetin
b) Resveratrol
c) Salicin
d) Curcumin
c) Salicin
Alcohol glycosides, such as salicin, are known for their:
a) Antiviral properties
b) Antioxidant properties
c) Antirheumatic properties
d) Antibacterial properties
c) Antirheumatic properties
main component found in vanilla?
a) Vanadium
b) Vanillin
c) Vanadium glycoside
d) Vanillic acid
b) Vanillin
compound is present in the cambium sap of pine trees and is an example of an aldehyde glycoside?
a) Quercetin
b) Resveratrol
c) Coniferin
d) Curcumin
c) Coniferin
present in clove oil
a) Eugenol
b) Vanillin
c) Coniferin
d) Lignin
a) Eugenol
a by-product of the pulp industry
a) Eugenol
b) Vanillin
c) Coniferin
d) Lignin
d) Lignin
Tonka beans:
Coumarin (dipteryx odorata)
coumarin derivative (precursor of warfarin - PO anticoagulant)
Dicoumarol/Bishydroxycoumarin
Spanish flies, Russian flies, Blistering flies AC:
Cantharidin (cantharis vesicatoria)
Bishop’s flower:
Psoralens (ammi majus)
photosensitizing furocoumarins
Psoralens
Psoralens AC:
Methoxalen - repigmentation in vitiligo
Trioxsalen
Arbutin, a phenol glycoside, is found in which two plant species?
a) Uva ursi and chimaphila
b) Lavender and rosemary
c) Echinacea and ginseng
d) St. John’s wort and valerian
a) Uva ursi and chimaphila
Phloridzin, a phenol glycoside, is primarily found in which group of plants?
a) Rosaceous plants
b) Leguminous plants
c) Solanaceous plants
d) Cruciferous plants
a) Rosaceous plants
Uva Ursi, also known as bearberry, is derived from which plant species?
a) Arctostaphylos uva ursi
b) Vaccinium macrocarpon
c) Aloe vera
d) Lavandula angustifolia
a) Arctostaphylos uva ursi
major constituent of Uva Ursi known for its potential diuretic and antiseptic properties?
a) Arbutin
b) Quercetin
c) Gallic acid
d) Ursolic acid
a) Arbutin
Tannins are difficult to separate because they:
a) Crystallize easily
b) Are volatile in nature
c) Are complex mixtures of polyphenols
d) Form covalent bonds with other compounds
c) Are complex mixtures of polyphenols - they do not crystallize
Tannins form a colloidal solution in water and have which of the following characteristics?
a) Alkaline reaction and sweet taste
b) Acid reaction and sharp puckering taste
c) Neutral pH and salty taste
d) Basic pH and sour taste
b) Acid reaction and sharp puckering taste
Tannins have the ability to precipitate proteins and render them resistant to proteolytic enzymes. This action is known as:
a) Coagulation
b) Emulsification
c) Fermentation
d) Astringency
d) Astringency
consists of gallic acid or related polyhydric compounds esterified with glucose.
HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS
NON-HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS
HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS
condensed tannins contains only phenolic nuclei
➔ Ex. Leucocyanidin
HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS
NON-HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS
NON-HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS
Witch Hazel AC:
hamamelitannin (Hamamelis virginiana)
used to detect the presence of tannins:
Goldbeater test & Gelatin test
Tannins can precipitate:
PAG
proteins, alkaloids, glycosides
Ax for alkaloid poisoning?
Tannic acid
Lipids are:
a) Esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohol
b) Esters of short chain fatty acids and alcohol
c) Polysaccharides
d) Proteins
a) Esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohol
the following is NOT a type of lipid?
a) Fixed oils
b) Fats
c) Waxes
d) Polysaccharides
d) Polysaccharides
solid at room temperature?
a) Fixed oils
b) Fats
c) Waxes
d) They are all solid at room temperature
b) Fats
olive, almond oil are:
Nondrying
Semi-drying
Drying
Nondrying
Cottonseed, sesame oil:
Nondrying
Semi-drying
Drying
Semi-drying
Linseed, cod liver oil:
Nondrying
Semi-drying
Drying
Drying
AC in coconut oil (cocos nucifera):
Lauric & Myristic acid
SN of palm oil
Elaeis guineensis
AC of riccinus communis that is alkaloid:
Ricin
Ricinine
Azeleic acid
Ricinine
AC of riccinus communis that is toxic:
Ricin
Ricinine
Azeleic acid
Ricin
AC of riccinus communis that is anti-acne:
Ricin
Ricinine
Azeleic acid
Azeleic acid
ON of Olive oil 🫒
Sweet oil
AC of olea earopaea
oleic acid
part of a plant typically contains larger quantities of fats and oil?
a) Leaves
b) Roots
c) Flowers
d) Seeds
d) Seeds
Sterols are characterized by:
a) Being alcohols containing cyclopentanophenanthrene
b) Being esters consisting of glycerols and fatty acids
c) Being composed of fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous compounds
d) Being substances isolated from the brain and other sources
a) Being alcohols containing cyclopentanophenanthrene
Glycolipids, specifically cerebrosides, are substances primarily isolated from:
a) Plants
b) Animal brains
c) Fungi
d) Bacteria
b) Animal brains
Upon hydrolysis, glycolipids (cerebrosides) yield which components?
a) Fatty acids, glucose, and sphingosine
b) Fatty acids, galactose, and sphingosine
c) Fatty acids, fructose, and glycerol
d) Fatty acids, sucrose, and serine
b) Fatty acids, galactose, and sphingosine
the following is an example of a fixed oil?
A) Olive oil
B) Lard
C) Spermaceti
D) Beeswax
A) Olive oil
property distinguishes fixed oils from fats?
A) Their ester composition
B) Their solid state at ordinary temperature
C) Their high molecular weight
D) Their source of origin
B) Their solid state at ordinary temperature
the following is an example of a solid fat at ordinary temperature?
A) Olive oil
B) Lard
C) Spermaceti
D) Corn oil
B) Lard
waxes composed of?
A) Glycerol and fatty acids
B) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and fatty acids
C) Monohydric alcohols and monohydric acids
D) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and monohydric acids
B) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and fatty acids
ex. spermaceti
What are fixed oils and fats?
A) Esters of glycerol and fatty acids
B) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and fatty acids
C) Esters of glycerol and monohydric alcohols
D) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and monohydric acids
A) Esters of glycerol and fatty acids
How are fatty acids usually obtained?
A) Hydrolysis of proteins
B) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates
C) Hydrolysis of fats or oils
D) Synthesis from amino acids
How are fatty acids usually obtained?
A) Hydrolysis of proteins
B) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates
C) Hydrolysis of fats or oils
D) Synthesis from amino acids
C) Hydrolysis of fats or oils
Sclerosing agent from Cod liver oil (gadus morrhua)
Na morrhuate
Ux of undecylenic acid
Anti-fungal
Origin: from wool of Ovis aries
Lanolin
Arachis Oil (Arachis hypogaea)
Peanut oil 🥜
Rapeseed Oil (Brassica campestris & Brassica napus)
Canola Oil, AC: Erucic acid
from lipid fraction of soybean; steroid hormone precursor
Stigmasterol
useful in controlling deranged lipid and cholesterol metabolism.
Lecithin
Make substitues for lard, soap
Cottonseed oil
phenolic constituent which owes the excellent stability of the oil produced by the hydrolysis of sesamolin
Sesamol
Sesame Oil
Teel oil, Benne oil
Apricot/Peach kernel oil
Persic oil
Zea mays embryo
Corn oil
Carthamus tinctoria
Safflower Oll
Helianthus annus
Sunflower Oil
Flaxseed oil
Linseed oil
Food for the Gods
Theobroma Oil
lodine addition product of ethyl ester of the fatty acids of poppy seed
Ethiodized Oil Injection
