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Phar Review & Comprehensive Examination > Pharmacognosy (w/ Plant Chemistry) > Flashcards

Pharmacognosy (w/ Plant Chemistry) Flashcards

1
Q

“The study of crude drugs”

A. Botany
B. Taxonomy
C. Pharmacology
D. Pharmacognosy
E. NOTA

A

D. Pharmacognosy

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2
Q

Laws of Hammurabi (172 BC); clay models of human body; medicinal effects of 250 plants

A. Babylonians
B. Egyptians
C. Indians
D. Germans
E. Greeks

A

A. Babylonians

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3
Q

A Greek physician wrote “De Materia Medica” in 78 A.D. in which he described about 600 plants that were known to have medicinal properties.

A. DIOSCORIDES
B. GALEN
C. CA Seydler
D. JA Schmidt
E. Emperor Shen Nung

A

A. DIOSCORIDES

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4
Q

Traditional medicine; “Science of life”; Mother of all healing arts

A. Babylonians
B. Egyptians
C. Indians
D. Germans
E. Greeks

A

C. Indians: Ayurveda

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5
Q

A Greek pharmacist- physician who lived in Rome, described the method of preparing formulas containing plant and animal drugs. “FATHER OF PHARMACY”

A. DIOSCORIDES
B. GALEN
C. CA Seydler
D. JA Schmidt
E. Emperor Shen Nung

A

B. GALEN

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6
Q

he coined the term, “pharmacognosy” from “pharmakon” and “gnosis” in Analecta Pharmacognistica

A. JA Schmidt
B. CA Seydler
C. F.A. Fluckiger
D. Friedrich serterne4
E. Shen nung

A

B. CA Seydler

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7
Q

used the word, “pharmacognosy”; Lehrbuch der Materia Medica

A

J.A Schimdt

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8
Q

Ensure the true natural source of drug (species to cultivate). Improper collection results to partial or complete substitution

A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
F. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

A

A. Collection

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9
Q

Sample gathering on specific or proper season (best time highest content); Manual labor vs. mechanical devices

A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
F. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

A

E. Harvesting

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10
Q

Remove moisture to prevent bacterial or fungal growth and enzymatic degradation

A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
F. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

A

C. Drying

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11
Q

Special drying process enhancing the properties of the plant’s active ingredient

A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
E. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

A

B. Curing

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12
Q

Removal of extraneous matter. Final step in the crude drug preparation

A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
E. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

A

D. Garbling

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13
Q

For protection and marketability (maintain quality). Heat at 65°C (simplest); fumigation with CH3Br; add a drop of CHCI3 or CCl4

A. Collection
B. Curing
C. Drying
D. Garbling
E. Harvesting
E. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

A

E. Packaging, Storage, Preservation

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14
Q

Are vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances that have undergone only the process of collection and drying.
Any products that has not been advanced in value or improved in condition

Crude drugs
Natural substances

A

Crude drugs

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15
Q

Substances found in nature that comprise the whole plants and herbs and anatomic parts thereof

Crude drugs
Natural substances

A

Natural substances

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16
Q

This increases the weight of the drug

A

Moisture

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17
Q

This increases oxidation

A

Air

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18
Q

No definitive pharmacologic activity, their presence sometimes prevents the absorbability or potency of the active constituents.

A

INERT/INACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

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19
Q

constituents that may cause precipitation or other chemical changes in medicinal preparations.

A. PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE
B. PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE

A

A. PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE

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20
Q

responsible for the therapeutic activity of the drug, its either single chemical substances or mixtures of principle.

A. PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE
B. PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE

A

B. PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE

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21
Q

Major source of energy, most abundant biomolecules on earth, main source of energy for all living organisms, serves as structural components.

A. Lipid
B. Carbohydrates
C. Amino acids
D. Resins
E. Proteins

A

B. Carbohydrates

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22
Q

Which type of sugar yields 2 monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysis?

A) Monosaccharides
B) Disaccharides
C) Trisaccharides
D) Tetrasaccharides

A

B) Disaccharides

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23
Q

Which type of sugar cannot be hydrolyzed to simple sugars?

A) Monosaccharides
B) Disaccharides
C) Trisaccharides
D) Tetrasaccharides

A

A) Monosaccharides

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24
Q

How many monosaccharide molecules are yielded on hydrolysis of trisaccharides?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

A

C) 3

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25
Q

How many monosaccharide molecules are yielded on hydrolysis of tetraccharides?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

A

D) 4

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26
Q

Which of the following are the three main monosaccharides in the human diet?

A) Glucose, galactose, and fructose
B) Glucose, sucrose, and fructose
C) Lactose, galactose, and fructose
D) Maltose, glucose, and fructose

A

A) Glucose, galactose, and fructose

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27
Q

Which monosaccharide is commonly known as “milk sugar”?

A) Glucose
B) Galactose
C) Fructose
D) Sucrose

A

B) Galactose

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28
Q

Which monosaccharide is commonly referred to as “blood sugar”?

A) Glucose
B) Galactose
C) Fructose
D) Sucrose

A

A) Glucose

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29
Q

Which monosaccharide is known for being the most water-soluble among sugars?

A) Glucose
B) Galactose
C) Fructose
D) Sucrose

A

C) Fructose

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30
Q

Which monosaccharide is commonly associated with fruits and is often called “fruit sugar”?

A) Glucose
B) Galactose
C) Fructose
D) Sucrose

A

C) Fructose

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31
Q

Which type of oligosaccharides are synthesized through the enzymatic connection of lactose?

A) Galactooligosaccharides
B) Human Milk Oligosaccharides
C) Fructooligosaccharides
D) Maltodextrins

A

A) Galactooligosaccharides

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32
Q

Which type of oligosaccharides are complex glycans found in breast milk?

A) Galactooligosaccharides
B) Human Milk Oligosaccharides
C) Fructooligosaccharides
D) Maltodextrins

A

B) Human Milk Oligosaccharides

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33
Q

What is the backbone of Human Milk Oligosaccharides?

A) Glucose
B) Fructose
C) Galactose
D) Disaccharide lactose

A

D) Disaccharide lactose

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34
Q

What type of bond links monosaccharides in oligosaccharides?

A) Peptide bond
B) Glycosidic bond
C) Phosphodiester bond
D) Disulfide bond

A

B) Glycosidic bond

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35
Q

Which carbohydrate polymer consists of 3-10 monosaccharides?

A) Polysaccharide
B) Oligosaccharide
C) Monosaccharide
D) Disaccharide

A

B) Oligosaccharide

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36
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the most common disaccharides?

A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose

A

D) Glucose

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37
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A) A carbohydrate formed by the condensation reaction of three simple sugars.
B) A carbohydrate formed by the condensation reaction of two simple sugars.
C) A carbohydrate formed by the hydrolysis reaction of two simple sugars.
D) A carbohydrate formed by the condensation reaction of four or more simple sugars.

A

B) A carbohydrate formed by the condensation reaction of two simple sugars.

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38
Q

Which disaccharide is commonly known as “table sugar”?

A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose

A

A) Sucrose

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39
Q

What are the monosaccharides that make up sucrose?

A) Glucose + Fructose
B) Glucose + Galactose
C) Glucose + Glucose
D) Fructose + Galactose

A

A) Glucose + Fructose

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40
Q

Which disaccharide is commonly referred to as “milk sugar”?

A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose

A

B) Lactose

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41
Q

What are the monosaccharides that make up lactose?

A) Glucose + Fructose
B) Glucose + Galactose
C) Glucose + Glucose
D) Fructose + Galactose

A

B) Glucose + Galactose

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42
Q

Which disaccharide is formed during the breakdown of starches?

A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose

A

C) Maltose

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43
Q

What are the monosaccharides that make up maltose?

A) Glucose + Fructose
B) Glucose + Galactose
C) Glucose + Glucose
D) Fructose + Galactose

A

C) Glucose + Glucose

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44
Q

Which disaccharide is commonly found in germinating seeds such as barley and is produced when amylase breaks down starch?

A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose

A

C) Maltose

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45
Q

Which disaccharide is commonly used to mask disagreeable tastes in troches and tablets?

A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose

A

A) Sucrose

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46
Q

Which disaccharide is obtained by evaporating milk and is found in malted milk?

A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose

A

B) Lactose

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47
Q

Which disaccharide is hydrolyzed by the specific enzyme lactase?

A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose

A

B) Lactose

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48
Q

Which disaccharide is commonly used as a nutrient and a tablet diluent?

A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose

A

C) Maltose

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49
Q

Which disaccharide is produced when glucose is caramelized?

A) Sucrose
B) Lactose
C) Maltose
D) Glucose

A

C) Maltose

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50
Q

Derived from the dried exudate of *Franxinus ornus *and is used as an osmotic diuretic and laxative in people with neurological trauma?

A) Mannitol
B) Sorbitol
C) Xylitol
D) Glucitol

A

A) Mannitol

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51
Q

Derived from the berries of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) and is used in the manufacture of toothpaste and chewing gum?

A) Mannitol
B) Sorbitol
C) Xylitol
D) Glucitol

A

B) Sorbitol

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52
Q

alternative to sorbitol and is commonly used as a sugar substitute?

A) Mannitol
B) Sorbitol
C) Xylitol
D) Glucitol

A

C) Xylitol

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53
Q

Which of the following has a taste that is approximately half as sweet as sugar?

A) Mannitol
B) Sorbitol
C) Xylitol
D) Glucitol

A

B) Sorbitol

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54
Q

Which of the following is also known as D-glucitol?

A) Mannitol
B) Sorbitol
C) Xylitol
D) Glucitol

A

B) Sorbitol

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55
Q

Which of the following is used in people with neurological trauma as an osmotic diuretic and laxative?

A) Mannitol
B) Sorbitol
C) Xylitol
D) Glucitol

A

A) Mannitol

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56
Q

Component of buffer systems and is commonly used as an acidulant in effervescent formulations?

A) Cherry Juice
B) Citric Acid
C) Lactic Acid
D) Tartaric Acid

A

B) Citric Acid

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57
Q

Product of fermentation and undergoes the process of distillation to concentrate the alcohol content?

A) Cherry Juice
B) Citric Acid
C) Lactic Acid
D) Alcohol/Ethanol

A

D) Alcohol/Ethanol

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58
Q

Alcoholic beverages is derived from wine?

A) Brandy
B) Whiskey
C) Rhum
D) Diluted Alcohol

A

A) Brandy

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59
Q

Alcoholic beverages is made from malted grain?

A) Brandy
B) Whiskey
C) Rhum
D) Diluted Alcohol

A

B) Whiskey

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60
Q

A CNS depressant at high concentrations and a CNS stimulant at low concentrations?

A) Cherry Juice
B) Citric Acid
C) Lactic Acid
D) Alcohol/Ethanol

A

D) Alcohol/Ethanol

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61
Q

Alcoholic beverages is derived from molasses of Dil. Alcohol?

A) Brandy
B) Whiskey
C) Rhum
D) Diluted Alcohol

A

C) Rhum

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62
Q

A polysaccharide composed of long chains of glucose units and serves as a major energy storage molecule in plants?

A) Starch
B) Inulin
C) Dextran
D) Cellulose

A

A) Starch

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63
Q

A polysaccharide that consists of fructose units and is commonly found in plants as a storage carbohydrate?

A) Starch
B) Inulin
C) Dextran
D) Cellulose

A

B) Inulin

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64
Q

A polysaccharide formed by bacteria and is used in medical and industrial applications?

A) Starch
B) Inulin
C) Dextran
D) Cellulose

A

C) Dextran

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65
Q

A polysaccharide that forms the structural component of plant cell walls?

A) Starch
B) Inulin
C) Dextran
D) Cellulose

A

D) Cellulose

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66
Q

true about starch?

A) It is only found in animal cells
B) It is completely indigestible by humans
C) It is highly branched in structure
D) It is a protein-based molecule

A

C) It is highly branched in structure

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67
Q

starch preparation is chemically or mechanically processed to rupture all or part of the granules and is commonly used as a tablet binder?

A) Pregelatinized starch
B) Sodium starch glycollate
C) Hetastarch
D) Glutens

A

A) Pregelatinized starch

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68
Q

starch preparation is used as a disintegrating agent in pharmaceutical formulations?

A) Pregelatinized starch
B) Sodium starch glycollate
C) Hetastarch
D) Glutens

A

B) Sodium starch glycollate

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69
Q

Which starch preparation is a plasma expander and consists of more than 90-99% amylopectin?

A) Pregelatinized starch
B) Sodium starch glycollate
C) Hetastarch
D) Glutens

A

C) Hetastarch

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70
Q

Which component is a group of tacky proteins that impedes the flow of starch?

A) Pregelatinized starch
B) Sodium starch glycollate
C) Hetastarch
D) Glutens

A

D) Glutens

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71
Q

polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic bond and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides.

A. Monosaccharide
B. Disaccharide
C. Oligosaccharide
D. Polysaccharide

A

D. Polysaccharide

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72
Q

Examples of polysaccharide:

A

SIDC

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73
Q

What are the criteria for a plant acid?
a) NMT 6C atoms and 2-3 carboxyl groups
b) NMT 4C atoms and 1-2 carboxyl groups
c) NMT 8C atoms and 3-4 carboxyl groups
d) NMT 10C atoms and 4-5 carboxyl groups

A

a) NMT 6C atoms and 2-3 carboxyl groups

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74
Q

Who isolated citric acid from lemon juice in 1784?
a) Louis Pasteur
b) Robert Boyle
c) Carl Wilhelm Scheele
d) Marie Curie

A

c) Carl Wilhelm Scheele

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75
Q

a by-product of the wine industry?

a) Citric acid
b) Tartaric acid
c) Lactic acid
d) Malic acid

A

b) Tartaric acid

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76
Q

In addition to being an acidulant in infant feeding formula, which acid is also used in feminine wash products like pH care®?

a) Citric acid
b) Tartaric acid
c) Lactic acid
d) Malic acid

A

c) Lactic acid

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77
Q

Linear/Helical 250-300 units 𝛂 -1,4

A. Amylose
B. Amylopectin

A

A. Amylose

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78
Q

Branched (every 25-30 mins) 1000 or more 𝛂-1,4 and 𝛂-1,6

A. Amylose
B. Amylopectin

A

B. Amylopectin

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79
Q

enzyme present in both pancreatic juice and saliva and is responsible for the breakdown of starches?

a) Alpha amylase
b) Beta amylase
c) Lipase
d) Protease

A

a) Alpha amylase

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80
Q

Which enzyme hydrolyses starch to nearly pure maltose?

a) Alpha amylase
b) Beta amylase
c) Lipase
d) Protease

A

b) Beta amylase

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81
Q

Besides its role in starch breakdown, what are the uses of beta amylase?

a) Tablet filler
b) Binder
c) Disintegrant
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above

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82
Q

antidote for iodine poisoning?

a) Alpha amylase
b) Beta amylase
c) Lipase
d) Protease

A

b) Beta amylase

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83
Q

storage form of carbohydrates in animals and fungi?

a) Glycogen
b) Inulin
c) Dextran
d) Cellulose

A

a) Glycogen

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84
Q

Which polysaccharide is obtained from the subterranean organs of members of the family Compositae and is used in culture media as a fermentative identifying agent for certain bacteria?

a) Glycogen
b) Inulin
c) Dextran
d) Cellulose

A

b) Inulin

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85
Q

water-soluble polysaccharide of glucose is produced by the action of the transglucosylase enzyme system present in Leuconostoc mesenteroides?

a) Glycogen
b) Inulin
c) Dextran
d) Cellulose

A

c) Dextran

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86
Q

What are the uses of dextran?

a) Plasma expanders in cases of shock or pending shock caused by hemorrhage, trauma, or severe burns
b) Employed to reduce blood viscosity and improve microcirculation at low flow states
c) Both a) and b)
d) None of the above

A

c) Both a) and b)

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87
Q

What is the characteristic of cellulose?

a) Rigid, colorless, unbranched, and insoluble
b) Flexible, colored, branched, and soluble
c) Rigid, colored, unbranched, and soluble
d) Flexible, colorless, branched, and insoluble

A

a) Rigid, colorless, unbranched, and insoluble

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88
Q

main use of purified/absorbent cotton?

a) Surgical dressing
b) Coating agent
c) Water purification
d) Artificial tears

A

a) Surgical dressing

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89
Q

How is soluble guncotton/pyroxylin formed?

a) Action of nitric and sulfuric acid on cotton
b) Deacetylation of chitin
c) Hydrolysis of cellulose
d) Addition of castor oil and camphor to cotton

A

a) Action of nitric and sulfuric acid on cotton

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90
Q

What are the additional ingredients in soluble guncotton/pyroxylin and their purposes?

a) Castor oil (flexibility) and camphor (waterproofing)
b) Methyl cellulose and ethylcellulose (artificial tears)
c) Cellulose acetate phthalate (coating agent)
d) N/A

A

a) Castor oil (flexibility) and camphor (waterproofing)

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91
Q

What is the main application of chitosan?

a) Surgical dressing
b) Coating agent
c) Water purification
d) Artificial tears

A

c) Water purification

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92
Q

cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP)

a) Surgical dressing
b) Coating agent
c) Water purification
d) Artificial tears

A

b) Coating agent

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93
Q

methyl cellulose and ethycellulose

a) Surgical dressing
b) Coating agent
c) Water purification
d) Artificial tears

A

d) Artificial tears

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94
Q

What is the main function of chitin?

a) Water purification
b) Structural polysaccharides in animals
c) Coating agent
d) Artificial tears

A

b) Structural polysaccharides in animals

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95
Q

What is the primary role of chitin in animals?

A) Energy storage
B) Water absorption
C) Structural support
D) Enzyme synthesis

A

C) Structural support

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96
Q

process involved in the production of chitosan?

A) Acetylation of chitin
B) Dehydration of chitin
C) Deacetylation of chitin
D) Hydrolysis of chitin

A

C) Deacetylation of chitin

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97
Q

defining characteristic of heteroglycans?

A) They are composed of N Acetylglucosamine units
B) They result from the deacetylation of chitin
C) They yield multiple types of monosaccharide units upon hydrolysis
D) They are structural polysaccharides in animals

A

C) They yield multiple types of monosaccharide units upon hydrolysis

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98
Q

Natural plant hydrocolloids that can be classified as anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides or salts of polysaccharides?

a) Plant Gums
b) Plant Exudates
c) Both plant gums and plant exudates
d) None of the above

A

a) Plant Gums

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99
Q

Plant gum derived from Astragalus gummifer and belongs to the Leguminosae/Fabaceae family?

a) Tragacanth
b) Acacia
c) Karaya Gum
d) Sodium Alginate

A

a) Tragacanth

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100
Q

What are the primary components of tragacanth gum?

a) Bassorin and tragacanthin
b) Arabin and enzymes
c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid
d) Sodium salt of alginic acid

A

a) Bassorin and tragacanthin

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101
Q

Which plant gum is derived from Acacia Senegal and belongs to the Leguminosae/Fabaceae family?

a) Tragacanth
b) Acacia
c) Karaya Gum
d) Sodium Alginate

A

b) Acacia

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102
Q

What are the primary components of Acacia gum?

a) Bassorin and tragacanthin
b) Arabin and enzymes
c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid
d) Sodium salt of alginic acid

A

b) Arabin and enzymes

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103
Q

Which plant gum is derived from Sterculia urens or Cochlospermum gossypium?

a) Tragacanth
b) Acacia
c) Karaya Gum
d) Sodium Alginate

A

c) Karaya Gum

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104
Q

What are the primary components of Karaya gum?

a) Bassorin and tragacanthin
b) Arabin and enzymes
c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid
d) None of the above

A

c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid

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105
Q

Plant gum derived from Macrocystis pyrifera and belongs to the Lessoniaceae family?

a) Tragacanth
b) Acacia
c) Karaya Gum
d) Sodium Alginate

A

d) Sodium Alginate

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106
Q

What is the primary component of Sodium Alginate?

a) Bassorin and tragacanthin
b) Arabin and enzymes
c) D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid
d) Sodium salt of alginic acid

A

d) Sodium salt of alginic acid

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107
Q

Gelling component associated with red algae?

A) Kappa
B) Lota
C) Lambda
D) Mannuronic acid
E) A and B

A

E) A and B

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108
Q

Red Algae

A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
B. Algin
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
D. Danish Agar

A

C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss

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109
Q

Brown Seaweeds

A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
B. Algin
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
D. Danish Agar

A

B. Algin

110
Q

Algae

A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
B. Algin
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
D. Danish Agar

A

A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass

111
Q

Furcellaria fastigiata

A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
B. Algin
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
D. Danish Agar

A

D. Danish Agar

112
Q

Chondrus crispus & Gigartina mamillosa

A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
B. Algin
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
D. Danish Agar

A

C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss

113
Q

Gelidium cartilagineum & Gracilaria confervoides

A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass
B. Algin
C. Carrageenan or Irish Moss
D. Danish Agar

A

A. Agar or Japanese Isinglass

114
Q

The ripe seed of which plant is used to obtain Cydonium/Quince Seed?

A) Plantago psyllium - Spanish
B) Plantago ovata - Blonde
C) Cydonia vulgaris
D) Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

A

C) Cydonia vulgaris

115
Q

source of Guar Gum or Guaran?

A) Plantago psyllium - Spanish
B) Plantago ovata - Blonde
C) Cydonia vulgaris
D) Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

A

D) Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

116
Q

Locust Bean Gum/Carob Pulp or St. John’s Bread is derived from the endosperm of the seed of which plant?

A) Plantago psyllium - Spanish
B) Plantago ovata - Blonde
C) Cydonia vulgaris
D) Ceratonia siliqua

A

D) Ceratonia siliqua

117
Q

Marine gum is commonly used as a chocolate substitute?

A) Psyllium
B) Cydonium/Quince Seed
C) Guar Gum or Guaran
D) Locust Bean Gum/Carob Pulp or St. John’s Bread

A

D) Locust Bean Gum/Carob Pulp or St. John’s Bread

118
Q

Xanthan Gum is produced through the action of which bacterium on carbohydrates?

A) Xanthomonas campestris
B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
C) Streptococcus mutans
D) Escherichia coli

A

A) Xanthomonas campestris

119
Q

From which part of the fruit is Pectin typically extracted?

A) Outer skin
B) Pulp
C) Seeds
D) Inner portion of the rind

A

D) Inner portion of the rind

120
Q

Which fruits are commonly used as a source of Pectin?

A) Pomelo, grapefruit, orange, ponkan, lemon, calamansi, dalanghita, apple
B) Banana, pineapple, mango, kiwi
C) Watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew
D) Strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, blackberry

A

A) Pomelo, grapefruit, orange, ponkan, lemon, calamansi, dalanghita, apple

121
Q

plant extractive used as an antidiarrheal agent?

A) Pectin
B) Kaopectate
C) Protopectin
D) Pectic acid

A

A) Pectin

122
Q

Which stage of fruit ripeness is associated with protopectin?

A) Unripe
B) Just ripe
C) Overripe
D) Sol

A

A) Unripe

123
Q

What is the form of pectin when fruits are overripe?

A) Protopectin
B) Pectin (sol)
C) Pectic acid
D) Pectin (gel)

A

C) Pectic acid

124
Q

general properties of glycosides?

A) Colorless liquid, volatile
B) Colorless solid, amorphous, non-volatile
C) Colored solid, crystalline, volatile
D) Colored liquid, amorphous, non-volatile

A

B) Colorless solid, amorphous, non-volatile

125
Q

non-carbohydrate residue attached to the carbohydrate in a glycoside called?

A) Glycone
B) Aglycone
C) Glucose
D) Genin

A

B) Aglycone

126
Q

Which solution tests give a positive reaction for glycosides after hydrolysis?

A) Molisch’s and Fehling’s
B) Benedict’s and Barfoed’s
C) Tollens’ and Seliwanoff’s
D) Iodine and Biuret

A

A) Molisch’s and Fehling’s

127
Q

How are natural glycosides hydrolyzed?

A) By boiling with organic solvents
B) By enzymatic action
C) By exposure to sunlight
D) By boiling with mineral acids

A

D) By boiling with mineral acids

128
Q

What is the taste characteristic of most glycosides?

A) Sweet
B) Sour
C) Bitter
D) Salty

A

C) Bitter

129
Q

linked directly to the carbon atom of the aglycone?

A) C-glycosides
B) O-glycosides
C) N-glycosides
D) S-glycosides

A

A) C-glycosides

130
Q

sugar part linked to an alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl or carboxyl group?

A) C-glycosides
B) O-glycosides
C) N-glycosides
D) S-glycosides

A

B) O-glycosides

131
Q

Cardiac glycosides primarily act by inhibiting which pump?

A) Na/K/ATPase pump
B) H+/K+ ATPase pump
C) Ca2+/Na+ exchanger pump
D) Ca2+/ATPase pump

A

A) Na/K/ATPase pump

132
Q

Cardiac glycosides that is the most prevalent in nature?

A) Cardenolides
B) Bufadienolides
C) Flavones
D) Anthocyanidins

A

A) Cardenolides

133
Q

DOC (drug of choice) for controlling rapid ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter?

A) Flavonoid glycosides
B) Anthraquinone glycosides
C) Cardiac glycosides
D) O-glycosides

A

C) Cardiac glycosides

134
Q

What does the Keller-Killiani Test detect in relation to glycosides?

A) Presence of flavonoids
B) Presence of anthraquinones
C) Presence of cardiac glycosides
D) Presence of 2-deoxy sugar

A

D) Presence of 2-deoxy sugar

135
Q

Lily-of-the-Valley

A

Convallaria

136
Q

Pheasant’s eye

A

Adonis

137
Q

Black Indian Hemp
Dogbane, Canadian Hemp

A

Apocynum

138
Q

Rose bay

A

Oleander/Adelfa

139
Q

Night blooming cereus

A

Cactus Grandiflorus

140
Q

Christmas rose

A

Black Hellebore

141
Q

Digitalis purpurea

A

Foxglove

142
Q

Digitalis lanata

A

Grecian Foxglove

143
Q

Urginea maritima

A

Squill

144
Q

Grecian Foxglove AC

A

Digoxin

145
Q

Foxglove AC

A

Digitoxin (lipid soluble, long t1/2 )

146
Q

Convallaria AC

A

Convallatoxin

147
Q

Adonis AC

A

Adanitoxin

148
Q

Strophanthus AC

A

k-strophanthin/Strophanthidin

149
Q

Apocynum AC

A

Cymarin

150
Q

Oleander/Adelfa AC

A

Oleandrin

151
Q

Squillc AC

A

Scillaren A

152
Q

Black Hellebore AC

A

hellebrin

153
Q

aglycone part of anthraquinone glycosides derived from?

a) Flavonoids
b) Terpenoids
c) Anthraquinone
d) Coumarins

A

c) Anthraquinone

154
Q

anthraquinone glycosides primarily found?

a) Monocot plants
b) Dicot plants
c) Liliaceae plants
d) Leguminous plants

A

b) Dicot plants

155
Q

What effect do anthraquinone glycosides have on the body?

a) Analgesic effect
b) Diuretic effect
c) Laxative effect
d) Sedative effect

A

c) Laxative effect

156
Q

Test used to identify anthraquinone glycosides?

a) Fehling’s test
b) Molisch’s test
c) Salkowski test
d) Borntrager’s test

A

d) Borntrager’s test

157
Q

plant is associated with cascara sagrada?

a) Rhamnus purshiana
b) Aloe vera
c) Senna alexandrina
d) Cassia angustifolia

A

a) Rhamnus purshiana

158
Q

D glycosides in cascara sagrada is based on?

a) Barbaloin
b) Chrysaloin
c) Emodin
d) Aloin

A

c) Emodin

159
Q

What is casanthranol?

a) A purified mixture of anthranol glycosides from cascara sagrada
b) An isomer of barbaloin
c) A glycoside based on aloin
d) A derivative of emodin

A

a) A purified mixture of anthranol glycosides from cascara sagrada

160
Q

isomer of barbaloin associated with cascara sagrada?

a) Casanthranol
b) Chrysaloin
c) Cascorosides A&B
d) Cascorosides C&D

A

c) Cascorosides A&B

161
Q

common name for the bark of Frangula?

a) Buckthorn bark
b) Sacred bark
c) Cascara sagrada
d) Aloe vera

A

a) Buckthorn bark

162
Q

main active constituents in Frangula?

a) Frangulin A&B
b) Casanthranol
c) Emodin
d) Aloin

A

a) Frangulin A&B

163
Q

Frangulin A&B are glycosides derived from which plant?

a) Rhamnus purshiana
b) Rhamnus frangula
c) Cascara sagrada
d) Senna alexandrina

A

b) Rhamnus frangula

164
Q

Which species of Aloe is native to Cape region?

a) Aloe barbadensis
b) Aloe africana
c) Aloe spicata

A

b) Aloe africana

165
Q

species of Rhubarb commonly referred to as Chinese Rhubarb?

a) Rheum officinale
b) Rheum emodi
c) Rheum webbianum
d) Rheum palmatum

A

a) Rheum officinale

166
Q

environment typically suitable for cultivating Rhubarb?

a) Dry desert regions
b) Mountainous areas
c) Wetlands resembling rice paddies
d) Tropical rainforests

A

c) Wetlands resembling rice paddies

167
Q

Senna commonly known as Tinnevelly?

a) Cassia angustifolia
b) Cassia acutifolia
c) Cassia fistula
d) Cassia senna

A

a) Cassia angustifolia

168
Q

Senna is commonly known as Alexandria?
a) Cassia angustifolia
b) Cassia acutifolia
c) Cassia fistula
d) Cassia senna

A

b) Cassia acutifolia

169
Q

active compounds found in Senna?

a) Sennosides A, B, C, and D
b) Frangulin A&B
c) Cascorosides A&B
d) Rhein anthrones

A

a) Sennosides A, B, C, and D

170
Q

Chrysarobin is derived from which tree species?
a) Andira araroba
b) Rhamnus purshiana
c) Rheum officinale
d) Cassia angustifolia

A

a) Andira araroba

171
Q

another name for Andira araroba?

a) Goa powder
b) Cascara sagrada
c) Aloe vera
d) Rhubarb

A

a) Goa powder

172
Q

animals that are particularly susceptible to the toxicity of saponin glycosides?

a) Warm-blooded animals
b) Cold-blooded animals
c) Herbivorous animals
d) Carnivorous animals

A

b) Cold-blooded animals

173
Q

test used to identify saponin glycosides based on the frothing property?

a) Froth test
b) Capillary test
c) BAM Test
d) Hemolysis Test

A

a) Froth test

174
Q

Which hemolysis type indicates partial hemolysis?

a) 𝜶 hemolysis
b) 𝛃 hemolysis
c) 𝛄 hemolysis

A

a) 𝜶 hemolysis

175
Q

Which hemolysis type indicates complete hemolysis?

a) 𝜶 hemolysis
b) 𝛃 hemolysis
c) 𝛄 hemolysis

A

b) 𝛃 hemolysis

176
Q

Which hemolysis type indicates no hemolysis?

a) 𝜶 hemolysis
b) 𝛃 hemolysis
c) 𝛄 hemolysis

A

c) 𝛄 hemolysis

177
Q

plant is commonly associated with Licorice root?

a) Glycyrrhiza glabra
b) Rhamnus purshiana
c) Cassia angustifolia
d) Andira araroba

A

a) Glycyrrhiza glabra

178
Q

50x as sweet as sugar

a) Glycyrrhizin/Glycyrrhic acid
b) Glycyrrhetic acid
c) Frangulin A&B
d) Sennosides A, B, C, and D

A

a) Glycyrrhizin/Glycyrrhic acid

179
Q

anti-inflammatory compound found in Glycyrrhiza?

a) Glycyrrhizin
b) Glycyrrhetic acid
c) Frangulin A&B
d) Sennosides A, B, C, and D

A

b) Glycyrrhetic acid

180
Q

species of Ginseng commonly known as American Ginseng?

a) Panax quinquefolius
b) Panax ginseng
c) Panax notoginseng
d) Panax pseudoginseng

A

a) Panax quinquefolius

181
Q

species of Ginseng is commonly known as Asian or Korean Ginseng?

a) Panax quinquefolius
b) Panax ginseng
c) Panax notoginseng
d) Panax pseudoginseng

A

b) Panax ginseng

182
Q

active compounds found in Ginseng?

a) Ginsenosides
b) Panaxosides
c) Chikusetsusaponins
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above

183
Q

species of Dioscorea is considered the best source of steroids?

a) Dioscorea floribunda
b) Dioscorea spiculiflora
c) Dioscorea alata
d) Dioscorea villosa

A

a) Dioscorea floribunda

184
Q

species of Dioscorea contains diosgenin?

a) Dioscorea floribunda
b) Dioscorea spiculiflora
c) Dioscorea alata
d) Dioscorea villosa

A

b) Dioscorea spiculiflora

185
Q

active compound found in Dioscorea that is important in steroid synthesis?

a) Botogenin
b) Diosgenin
c) Cortisone
d) Floribundin

A

b) Diosgenin

186
Q

characteristic feature is present in the aglycone of cyanophore glycosides?

a) Hydroxyl group
b) Cyanide group
c) Carbonyl group
d) Sulfate group

A

b) Cyanide group

187
Q

products obtained upon hydrolysis of cyanophore glycosides?

a) Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and mandelonitrile
b) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose
c) Acetic acid and ethanol
d) Lactic acid and lactose

A

a) Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and mandelonitrile

188
Q

plant species is the source of prunasin, a cyanophore glycoside?

a) Prunus serotine
b) Sambucus nigra
c) Prunus persica
d) Sambucus canadensis

A

a) Prunus serotine

189
Q

compound of a cyanophore glycoside found in Sambucus nigra?

a) Amygdalin
b) Prunasin
c) Sambunigrin
d) Cyanoglucoside

A

c) Sambunigrin

190
Q

enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of amygdalin and prunasin?

a) Emulsin
b) Amygdalase
c) Prunase
d) Mandelonitrilase

A

a) Emulsin

191
Q

major glycoside found in bitter almonds?

a) Amygdalin
b) Prunasin
c) Sambunigrin
d) Cyanoglucoside

A

a) Amygdalin (Amygdalus communis)

192
Q

Wild Cherry 🍒 SN

A

Prunus Virginiana

193
Q

Controversial Tx for sickle cell from Apricot pits

A

Laetrile/B17 (prunus armeniaca)

194
Q

Mannihotoxin from (manihot esculenta) or also known as

A

Cassava

195
Q

AC of Wild cherry, 🍒 prunus serotina?

A

Prunasin

196
Q

Apricot pits SN

A

prunus armeniaca

197
Q

What does the aglycone of isothiocyanates contain?

a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Sulfur
d) Carbon

A

c) Sulfur

198
Q

aglycone derivatives of isothiocyanates?

a) Aliphatic derivatives
b) Aromatic derivatives
c) Both aliphatic and aromatic derivatives
d) None of the above

A

c) Both aliphatic and aromatic derivatives

199
Q

sinigrin come from?

a) Black mustard
b) White mustard
c) Rape seed
d) None of the above

A

a) Black mustard

200
Q

Sinalbin come from?

a) Black mustard
b) White mustard
c) Rape seed
d) None of the above

A

b) White mustard

201
Q

Gluconapin come from?

a) Black mustard
b) White mustard
c) Rape seed
d) None of the above

A

c) Rape seed

202
Q

local irritant, emetic, rubefacient, vesicant, condiment

A

Black & White mustard

203
Q

Flavonol glycosides are responsible for the coloring of:

a) Meats and poultry
b) Dairy products
c) Fruits, vegetables, and herbs
d) Grains and cereals

A

c) Fruits, vegetables, and herbs

204
Q

“vitamin P” or permeability factors?

a) Quercetin and kaempferol
b) Rutin and hesperidin
c) Cyanidin and delphinidin
d) Apigenin and luteolin

A

b) Rutin and hesperidin

205
Q

also known as vitamin H?

a) Biotin
b) Riboflavin
c) Thiamine
d) Niacin

A

a) Biotin

206
Q

also known as vitamin F?

a) Folic acid
b) Vitamin Folate
c) Essential fatty acids
d) Vitamin Ferulic acid

A

c) Essential fatty acids

207
Q

compound of an alcohol glycoside obtained from several species of Salix and Populus?

a) Quercetin
b) Resveratrol
c) Salicin
d) Curcumin

A

c) Salicin

208
Q

Alcohol glycosides, such as salicin, are known for their:

a) Antiviral properties
b) Antioxidant properties
c) Antirheumatic properties
d) Antibacterial properties

A

c) Antirheumatic properties

209
Q

main component found in vanilla?

a) Vanadium
b) Vanillin
c) Vanadium glycoside
d) Vanillic acid

A

b) Vanillin

210
Q

compound is present in the cambium sap of pine trees and is an example of an aldehyde glycoside?

a) Quercetin
b) Resveratrol
c) Coniferin
d) Curcumin

A

c) Coniferin

211
Q

present in clove oil

a) Eugenol
b) Vanillin
c) Coniferin
d) Lignin

A

a) Eugenol

212
Q

a by-product of the pulp industry

a) Eugenol
b) Vanillin
c) Coniferin
d) Lignin

A

d) Lignin

213
Q

Tonka beans:

A

Coumarin (dipteryx odorata)

214
Q

coumarin derivative (precursor of warfarin - PO anticoagulant)

A

Dicoumarol/Bishydroxycoumarin

215
Q

Spanish flies, Russian flies, Blistering flies AC:

A

Cantharidin (cantharis vesicatoria)

216
Q

Bishop’s flower:

A

Psoralens (ammi majus)

217
Q

photosensitizing furocoumarins

A

Psoralens

218
Q

Psoralens AC:

A

Methoxalen - repigmentation in vitiligo
Trioxsalen

219
Q

Arbutin, a phenol glycoside, is found in which two plant species?

a) Uva ursi and chimaphila
b) Lavender and rosemary
c) Echinacea and ginseng
d) St. John’s wort and valerian

A

a) Uva ursi and chimaphila

220
Q

Phloridzin, a phenol glycoside, is primarily found in which group of plants?

a) Rosaceous plants
b) Leguminous plants
c) Solanaceous plants
d) Cruciferous plants

A

a) Rosaceous plants

221
Q

Uva Ursi, also known as bearberry, is derived from which plant species?

a) Arctostaphylos uva ursi
b) Vaccinium macrocarpon
c) Aloe vera
d) Lavandula angustifolia

A

a) Arctostaphylos uva ursi

222
Q

major constituent of Uva Ursi known for its potential diuretic and antiseptic properties?

a) Arbutin
b) Quercetin
c) Gallic acid
d) Ursolic acid

A

a) Arbutin

223
Q

Tannins are difficult to separate because they:

a) Crystallize easily
b) Are volatile in nature
c) Are complex mixtures of polyphenols
d) Form covalent bonds with other compounds

A

c) Are complex mixtures of polyphenols - they do not crystallize

224
Q

Tannins form a colloidal solution in water and have which of the following characteristics?

a) Alkaline reaction and sweet taste
b) Acid reaction and sharp puckering taste
c) Neutral pH and salty taste
d) Basic pH and sour taste

A

b) Acid reaction and sharp puckering taste

225
Q

Tannins have the ability to precipitate proteins and render them resistant to proteolytic enzymes. This action is known as:

a) Coagulation
b) Emulsification
c) Fermentation
d) Astringency

A

d) Astringency

226
Q

consists of gallic acid or related polyhydric compounds esterified with glucose.

HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS
NON-HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS

A

HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS

227
Q

condensed tannins contains only phenolic nuclei
➔ Ex. Leucocyanidin

HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS
NON-HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS

A

NON-HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS

228
Q

Witch Hazel AC:

A

hamamelitannin (Hamamelis virginiana)

229
Q

used to detect the presence of tannins:

A

Goldbeater test & Gelatin test

230
Q

Tannins can precipitate:

A

PAG

proteins, alkaloids, glycosides

231
Q

Ax for alkaloid poisoning?

A

Tannic acid

232
Q

Lipids are:

a) Esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohol
b) Esters of short chain fatty acids and alcohol
c) Polysaccharides
d) Proteins

A

a) Esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohol

233
Q

the following is NOT a type of lipid?

a) Fixed oils
b) Fats
c) Waxes
d) Polysaccharides

A

d) Polysaccharides

234
Q

solid at room temperature?

a) Fixed oils
b) Fats
c) Waxes
d) They are all solid at room temperature

A

b) Fats

235
Q

olive, almond oil are:

Nondrying
Semi-drying
Drying

A

Nondrying

236
Q

Cottonseed, sesame oil:

Nondrying
Semi-drying
Drying

A

Semi-drying

237
Q

Linseed, cod liver oil:

Nondrying
Semi-drying
Drying

A

Drying

238
Q

AC in coconut oil (cocos nucifera):

A

Lauric & Myristic acid

239
Q

SN of palm oil

A

Elaeis guineensis

240
Q

AC of riccinus communis that is alkaloid:

Ricin
Ricinine
Azeleic acid

A

Ricinine

241
Q

AC of riccinus communis that is toxic:

Ricin
Ricinine
Azeleic acid

A

Ricin

242
Q

AC of riccinus communis that is anti-acne:

Ricin
Ricinine
Azeleic acid

A

Azeleic acid

243
Q

ON of Olive oil 🫒

A

Sweet oil

244
Q

AC of olea earopaea

A

oleic acid

245
Q

part of a plant typically contains larger quantities of fats and oil?

a) Leaves
b) Roots
c) Flowers
d) Seeds

A

d) Seeds

246
Q

Sterols are characterized by:

a) Being alcohols containing cyclopentanophenanthrene
b) Being esters consisting of glycerols and fatty acids
c) Being composed of fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous compounds
d) Being substances isolated from the brain and other sources

A

a) Being alcohols containing cyclopentanophenanthrene

247
Q

Glycolipids, specifically cerebrosides, are substances primarily isolated from:

a) Plants
b) Animal brains
c) Fungi
d) Bacteria

A

b) Animal brains

248
Q

Upon hydrolysis, glycolipids (cerebrosides) yield which components?

a) Fatty acids, glucose, and sphingosine
b) Fatty acids, galactose, and sphingosine
c) Fatty acids, fructose, and glycerol
d) Fatty acids, sucrose, and serine

A

b) Fatty acids, galactose, and sphingosine

249
Q

the following is an example of a fixed oil?

A) Olive oil
B) Lard
C) Spermaceti
D) Beeswax

A

A) Olive oil

250
Q

property distinguishes fixed oils from fats?

A) Their ester composition
B) Their solid state at ordinary temperature
C) Their high molecular weight
D) Their source of origin

A

B) Their solid state at ordinary temperature

251
Q

the following is an example of a solid fat at ordinary temperature?

A) Olive oil
B) Lard
C) Spermaceti
D) Corn oil

A

B) Lard

252
Q

waxes composed of?

A) Glycerol and fatty acids
B) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and fatty acids
C) Monohydric alcohols and monohydric acids
D) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and monohydric acids

A

B) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and fatty acids

ex. spermaceti

253
Q

What are fixed oils and fats?

A) Esters of glycerol and fatty acids
B) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and fatty acids
C) Esters of glycerol and monohydric alcohols
D) Esters of high molecular weight alcohols and monohydric acids

A

A) Esters of glycerol and fatty acids

254
Q

How are fatty acids usually obtained?

A) Hydrolysis of proteins
B) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates
C) Hydrolysis of fats or oils
D) Synthesis from amino acids

A
255
Q

How are fatty acids usually obtained?

A) Hydrolysis of proteins
B) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates
C) Hydrolysis of fats or oils
D) Synthesis from amino acids

A

C) Hydrolysis of fats or oils

256
Q

Sclerosing agent from Cod liver oil (gadus morrhua)

A

Na morrhuate

257
Q

Ux of undecylenic acid

A

Anti-fungal

258
Q

Origin: from wool of Ovis aries

A

Lanolin

259
Q

Arachis Oil (Arachis hypogaea)

A

Peanut oil 🥜

260
Q

Rapeseed Oil (Brassica campestris & Brassica napus)

A

Canola Oil, AC: Erucic acid

261
Q

from lipid fraction of soybean; steroid hormone precursor

A

Stigmasterol

262
Q

useful in controlling deranged lipid and cholesterol metabolism.

A

Lecithin

263
Q

Make substitues for lard, soap

A

Cottonseed oil

264
Q

phenolic constituent which owes the excellent stability of the oil produced by the hydrolysis of sesamolin

A

Sesamol

265
Q

Sesame Oil

A

Teel oil, Benne oil

266
Q

Apricot/Peach kernel oil

A

Persic oil

267
Q

Zea mays embryo

A

Corn oil

268
Q

Carthamus tinctoria

A

Safflower Oll

269
Q

Helianthus annus

A

Sunflower Oil

270
Q

Flaxseed oil

A

Linseed oil

271
Q

Food for the Gods

A

Theobroma Oil

272
Q

lodine addition product of ethyl ester of the fatty acids of poppy seed

A

Ethiodized Oil Injection

Phar Review & Comprehensive Examination (17 decks)

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