DDS Flashcards
A mixture of finely divided drugs or chemical in dry form; may be used internally or externally
Powder
8 sieve
Very coarse
20 sieve
Coarse
40 sieve
mod. Coarse
60 sieve
Fine
80 sieve
Very fine
The process of reducing the particle size of a solid substance to a finer state of subdivision.
Comminution
Substance is reduced to small particles by rubbing it in a mortar and pestle.
Trituration
Levigation
Pulverization by Intervention
Trituration
Substances are reduced and subdivided with an addition of material (ex. Solvent) that is easily removed after pulverization.
Trituration
Levigation
Pulverization by Intervention
Pulverization by Intervention
The particle size of the substance is reduced by adding a suitable nonsolvent to form a paste.
Trituration
Levigation
Pulverization by Intervention
Levigation
Common levigating agent
Mineral Oil
spatula is used to blend small amounts of powders on a sheet of paper or a pill tile.
Geometric dilution
Trituration
Tumbling
Spatulation
Sifting
Spatulation
mortar and pestle is used to reduce substance to small particles
Geometric dilution
Trituration
Tumbling
Spatulation
Sifting
Trituration
used when potent substances must be mixed with a large amount of diluent.
Geometric dilution
Trituration
Tumbling
Spatulation
Sifting
Geometric dilution
powders are mixed by passing them through sifters similar to those used to sift flour.
Geometric dilution
Trituration
Tumbling
Spatulation
Sifting
Sifting
the process of mixing powders in a large container rotated by a motorized process
Geometric dilution
Trituration
Tumbling
Spatulation
Sifting
Tumbling
Intended to be administered in dosage quantities that are
safe for the patient to measure.
Should pass through a 100-mesh sieve.
Dusting powders, aerosols, dentifrices, antacids, laxatives,
dietary nutrient supplements, douches
Bulk Powders
Divided Powders
Dusting Powders
Bulk Powders
Must be homogenous, free from potential of causing local
irritation.
Should flow easily, spread uniformly, and cling to the skin
upon application.
Generally dispensed in sifter-top containers
Bulk Powders
Divided Powders
Dusting Powders
Dusting Powders
(chartula, charts, powder papers, powders).
Single doses of the powdered drug mixture individually
enclosed in paper, cellophane, or metallic foil wrappers or
packets.
Sufficiently potent to require premeasured doses.
Bulk Powders
Divided Powders
Dusting Powders
Divided Powders
moisture resistant
Vegetable parchment
White bond
Glassine
Waxed
Vegetable parchment
moisture resistant properties
Vegetable parchment
White bond
Glassine
Waxed
White bond
moisture resistant
Vegetable parchment
White bond
Glassine
Waxed
Glassine
transparent waterproof paper (double wrap w/
white bond paper for protection from moisture)
Vegetable parchment
White bond
Glassine
Waxed
Waxed
Not intended for use with potent drugs because of
inherent error when a patient measures the dose with a teaspoon, scoop, etc.
Good for unstable drugs
Example: antibiotics for reconstitution
Granules
Contain mixtures of citric acid, tartaric acid, or sodium
biphosphate with a bicarbonate and a medicinal agent.
Effervescent Granules
Examples of Effervescent Granules:
Lactinex, Bassoran, Zantac
a method in preparing granules were one molecule of water present in each molecule of citric acid acts as the binding agent for the powder mixture.
Dry or Fusion Method
Wet Method
Dry or Fusion Method
a method in preparing granules were the water added to alcohol is the moistening agent, forming the pliable mass of granulation
Dry or Fusion Method
Wet Method
Wet Method
Solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal or inert substances are enclosed within a small gelatin shell.
CAPSULES
used in most commercial medicated capsules. They are commonly employed in clinical drug trials to compare the effects of an investigational drug with those of another drug product or placebo.
Hard Gelatin Capsules
Soft Gelatin Capsules
Hard Gelatin Capsules
made of gelatin to which glycerin or a polyhydric alcohol such as sorbitol has been added.
They are used to encapsulate and hermetically seal liquids, suspensions, pasty materials, dry powders, and even formed tablets.
Hard Gelatin Capsules
Soft Gelatin Capsules
Soft Gelatin Capsules
smallest capsule size?
5
largest capsule size
000
How do automated and semi-automated capsule-filling equipment typically fill the capsule body with the formulation?
a) Gravity fill
b) Tamping
c) Screw-feed mechanism
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Method that is commonly used to fill extemporaneously compounded capsules?
a) Gravity fill
b) Tamping
c) Screw-feed mechanism
d) Punch method
d) Punch method
Containers for Dispensing Capsules:
● Tight
● Well-closed
● Light-resistant
Most commonly used solid dosage form.
TABLETS
inert substances used to give a preparation a suitable form or consistency.
Excipients
Which physical features can compressed tablets have?
a) Round, oblong, or unique in shape
b) Thick or thin
c) Large or small in diameter
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
tablets that are prepared by subjecting the fill material to more than a single compression?
a) Multiple Compressed Tablets
b) Compressed tablets
c) Sugarcoated tablets
d) Film-coated tablets
a) Multiple Compressed Tablets
type of tablet coating that is water-soluble and quickly dissolves after swallowing?
a) Sugarcoated tablets
b) Film-coated tablets
c) Gelatin-coated tablets
d) Enteric-coated tablets
a) Sugarcoated tablets
primary advantage of film-coated tablets over sugar-coated tablets?
a) Durability
b) Quick dissolution after swallowing
c) Less bulkiness
d) Time-saving application process
c) Less bulkiness
type of tablet has a gelatin coating, allowing it to be smaller than a capsule filled with an equivalent amount of powder?
a) Sugarcoated tablets
b) Film-coated tablets
c) Gelatin-coated tablets
d) Enteric-coated tablets
c) Gelatin-coated tablets
purpose of enteric-coated tablets?
a) To dissolve quickly after swallowing
b) To be tamper-evident
c) To bypass the stomach and release the drug in the intestines
d) To provide rapid drug effects
c) To bypass the stomach and release the drug in the intestines
type of tablets that are intended to be dissolved in the buccal pouch or beneath the tongue for absorption through the oral mucosa?
a) Sugarcoated tablets
b) Film-coated tablets
c) Buccal tablets
d) Sublingual tablets
e) c and d
e) c and d (Buccal and Sublingual Tablets)
compressed tablets coated with a thin layer of a polymer capable of forming a skin like film; it is more durable, less bulky, and less time-consuming to apply.
a) Sugarcoated tablets
b) Film-coated tablets
c) Gelatin-coated tablets
d) Enteric-coated tablets
b) Film-coated tablets
tablets that have delayed-release features. They are designed to pass unchanged through the stomach to the intestines, where the tablets disintegrate and allow drug dissolution and absorption and/or effect.
a) Sugarcoated tablets
b) Film-coated tablets
c) Gelatin-coated tablets
d) Enteric-coated tablets
d) Enteric-coated tablets
Tablets designed to erode slowly
Buccal tablets
Tablets designed to dissolve promptly and provide rapid drug effects.
Sublingual Tablets
general shape of lozenges or troches?
a) Round
b) Rectangular
c) Disc-shaped
d) Triangle
c) Disc-shaped
Lozenges or troches typically manufactured by?
a) By compaction
b) By compression or molding
c) By encapsulation
d) By lyophilization
b) By compression or molding
Type of tablet that has a smooth, rapid disintegration when chewed or dissolved in the mouth?
a) Chewable tablets
b) Effervescent tablets
c) Molded tablets
d) Tablet triturates
a) Chewable tablets
primary advantage of chewable tablets?
a) Smooth and rapid disintegration
b) Creamy base with flavored and colored mannitol
c) Easy administration to children and individuals with difficulty swallowing
d) Rapid dissolution and bubble action
c) Easy administration to children and individuals with difficulty swallowing
How are effervescent tablets prepared?
a) By compression or molding
b) By encapsulation
c) By compaction
d) By compressing granular effervescent salts
d) By compressing granular effervescent salts
How are effervescent tablets prepared?
a) By compression or molding
b) By encapsulation
c) By compaction
d) By compressing granular effervescent salts
d) By compressing granular effervescent salts
purpose of effervescent tablets?
a) Smooth and rapid disintegration
b) Creamy base with flavored and colored mannitol
c) Rapid dissolution and bubble action
d) Rapid release of highly potent drugs
c) Rapid dissolution and bubble action
type of tablets are used for rapid dissolution and are very soft and soluble?
a) Chewable tablets
b) Effervescent tablets
c) Molded tablets
d) Tablet triturates
c) Molded tablets
primary purpose of hypodermic tablets?
a) Smooth and rapid disintegration
b) Sublingual administration
c) Parenteral preparation of solutions
d) Dispensing accurate amounts of potent drugs
c) Parenteral preparation of solutions
purpose of dispensing tablets?
a) Smooth and rapid disintegration
b) Creamy base with flavored and colored mannitol
c) Rapid dissolution and bubble action
d) Rapidly obtaining premeasured amounts of highly potent drug substances
d) Rapidly obtaining premeasured amounts of highly potent drug substances
Designed to disintegrate and release their medication
with no special rate-controlling features, such as special
coatings and other techniques.
Immediate-Release Tablets
Extended-Release Tablets
Immediate-Release Tablets
Characterized by disintegrating or dissolving in the
mouth within 1 minute, some within 10 seconds (e.g.,
Claritin Reditabs [loratadine]).
Liquefy on the tongue, and the patient swallows the liquid.
Rapidly Disintegrating or Dissolving Tablets
Sometimes called controlled release.
Designed to release their medication in a
predetermined manner over an extended period.
Immediate-Release Tablets
Extended-Release Tablets
Extended-Release Tablets
a.k.a Vaginal inserts
● Generally compressed tablets for vaginal administration
● Treatment of vaginitis & vulvovaginitis candidiasis
Lollipops
Pills
Vaginal Tablets
Vaginal Tablets
a raspberry lollipop that is a sugar-based lozenge on a stick and contains fentanyl citrate.
Fentanyl Actiq (Cephalon)
first product specifically designed to aid in controlling breakthrough pain in cancer patients. Its effects last for only about 15 minutes, but that is usually long enough to relieve the breakthrough pain.
Actiq
small, round solid dosage forms containing a medicinal agent and intended to be administered orally
Lollipops
Pills
Vaginal Tablets
Pills
complete or partial separation of the top or bottom of the tablet from the main body.
Capping
separation of a tablet into 2 or more distinct layers
Lamination
disfiguration of the core tablet when subjected for too long to the coating solution
Tablet erosion
removal of materials from the surfaces of the tablet and adherence of the face of the punch.
Picking
formation of uneven or rough irregularities on the surface of a coating film applied on a core tablet surface
Peeling
where the surface of the applied film coating is extremely rough and nonglossy, often taking on the appearance of the skin of an orange
Orange peel effect
adhesion of the granulation to the die and/or the build up of materials on the punch faces.
Sticking
unequal color distribution on surface
Mottling
coating bridges formed across a logo or break line
Bridging
Solid masses inserted into body cavities in which they will
melt at body temperature or dissolve into aqueous
secretions of body orifice.
Suppositories
Bullet, torpedo
Rectal
Globular, ovoid, cone
Vaginal
Pencil- Like
Urethral
Suppositories for Local & Systemic
Rectal
Suppositories for Local only
Vaginal & Urethral
Ovoid tablets inserted into the vagina using a plastic inserter; contains antimicrobial agents.
Vaginal Tablets/ Inserts
Implants/ Pellets
Vaginal Tablets/ Inserts
Small, sterile cylinders or devices inserted under the skin
for prolonged and continuous absorption.
Vaginal Tablets/ Inserts
Implants/ Pellets
Implants/ Pellets
Petrolatum, USP
Yellow Petrolatum or Petroleum Jelly (Vaseline)
White Petrolatum, USP
Decolorized Petrolatum (White Vaseline)
Yellow Ointment, USP
(Simple ointment)
has an emollient effect protect against the escape of moisture as occlusive dressings immiscible with water (difficult to wash off)
Absorption Bases
Water-Soluble Base
Water-Removable Base
Oleaginous or Hydrocarbon Base
Oleaginous or Hydrocarbon Base
used as emollients not easily removed from the skin
Absorption Bases
Water-Soluble Base
Water-Removable Base
Oleaginous or Hydrocarbon Base
Absorption Bases
O/W emulsion commonly known as Creams.
easily washed off /water-washable base
Absorption Bases
Water-Soluble Base
Water-Removable Base
Oleaginous or Hydrocarbon Base
Water-Removable Base
do not contain oleaginous base water-washable, greaseless
use for incorporation of solid substances
Absorption Bases
Water-Soluble Base
Water-Removable Base
Oleaginous or Hydrocarbon Base
Water-Soluble Base
components are combined by melting and cooled with constant stirring until congealed.
heat-labile and volatile constituents added last.
conducted in porcelain dish or glass.
beaker (small scale)
Incorporation
Fusion
Fusion
large steam jacketed kettles (large scale).
use low temperature in melting materials with high melting point
Incorporation
Fusion
Fusion
Mortar and pestle
Pill tile and spatula
Ointment mill
Incorporation
Fusion
Incorporation
Unguator
Incorporation of solids
Incorporation of liquid
Incorporation
Fusion
Incorporation
semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal
agents dissolved or dispersed in either a W/O emulsion
or O/W emulsion or in another type of water-washable
base.
Gels
Creams
Ointments
Creams
Semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or
large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered
jelly-like through the addition of a gelling agent
Gels
Creams
Ointments
Gels
Semisolid preparations intended for external application
to the skin or mucous membranes that soften or melt at
body temperature.
Gels
Creams
Ointments
Ointments
(carbomer 934) belongs to what type of Gelling agent?
cellulose derivatives
synthetic macromolecules
natural gums
synthetic macromolecules
carboxymethyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose belongs to what type of Gelling agent?
cellulose derivatives
synthetic macromolecules
natural gums
cellulose derivatives
tragacanth belongs to what type of Gelling agent?
cellulose derivatives
synthetic macromolecules
natural gums
natural gums
Gels in which the macromolecules are uniformly distributed throughout a liquid with no apparent boundaries between the dispersed macromolecules and the liquid
Single Phase
Two Phase
Single Phase
When the gel mass consists of floccules of small distinct particles (magmas)
Single Phase
Two Phase
Two Phase
Usually involve organics
Single Phase
Two Phase
Single Phase
Usually involve inorganics
Single Phase
Two Phase
Two Phase
alcohol or Propylene glycol in gels are?
Solvents
methylparaben, propylparaben, chlorhexidine gluconate in gels are?
Antimicrobial preservative
Edetate disodium in gels are?
Stabilizer
When the interaction between particles of the dispersed phase becomes so great that on standing, the dispersing medium is squeezed out in droplets and the gel shrinks.
Syneresis
The taking up of a certain amount of liquid without a measurable increase in volume
Imbibition
A reversible gel-sol formation with no change in volume or temperature
Thixotropy
The taking up of liquid by a gel with an increase in volume
Swelling
Controlled release DDS or patches which allow the passage of drugs from the skin to the systemic circulation
TRANSDERMAL PREPARATION
generally, contain a larger proportion of solid material
(such as 25%) than ointments and therefore are stiffer.
Pastes
Plasters
Pastes
solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread on a backing
of paper, fabric, moleskin, or plastic. The adhesive material is a rubber base or a synthetic resin. Applied to the skin to provide prolonged contact at the site.
Pastes
Plasters
Plasters
are plastic masses containing gelatin (15%), glycerin
(40%), water (35%), and an added medicinal substance
(10%), such as zinc oxide.
Glycerogelatins
use in varicose ulcers
Zinc Gelatin
Aqueous preparations with insoluble material for external
application without friction
CERATES
SOLUTIONS
LOTIONS
LOTIONS
Semisolid preparations containing a relatively high wax
content. Not to be directly rubbed onto skin; used as skin protectants before.
CERATES
SOLUTIONS
LOTIONS
CERATES
prevents water loss and drug loss
Adhesive Layer
Occlusive Backing Layer
Drug Matrix System
Release Liner
Occlusive Backing Layer
stores API
Adhesive Layer
Occlusive Backing Layer
Drug Matrix System
Release Liner
Drug Matrix System
ensures continuous drug absorption
Adhesive Layer
Occlusive Backing Layer
Drug Matrix System
Release Liner
Adhesive Layer
removed before use to enable drug release
Adhesive Layer
Occlusive Backing Layer
Drug Matrix System
Release Liner
Release Liner
1st TDDS developed; for motion sickness
Scopolamine (Transderm Scop)
Ux for angina
Nitroglycerin
Ux for angina
Nitroglycerin
1st TDDS for hypertension
Clonidine
opioid analgesic
Fentanyl
hormone replacement therapy
Estradiol and Testosterone
Liquid preparations containing one or more drug
substances that are molecularly dispersed in a suitable
solvent or a mixture of mutually miscible solvents
One of the oldest dosage forms known
SOLUTIONS
most useful solvent in pharmacy
water
2nd most useful solvent in pharmacy
Alcohol, US
absolute alcohol; NLT 99.5% by vol.
Dehydrated Alcohol, USP
Prepared by mixing equal volumes of Alcohol, USP and
Purified Water, USP. Useful hydroalcoholic solvent
Diluted Alcohol, NF
Clear syrupy liquid with a sweet taste, miscible in both
water and alcohol
Glycerin, USP
Viscous liquid miscible with water and alcohol. Frequently substituted for glycerin in modern pharmaceutical formulations
Propylene Glycol, USP
This and 91% isopropyl alcohol soln are commonly
employed by diabetic pxs in preparing needles and
syringes for hypodermic injections of insulin & for skin
disinfection
Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol
Has fewer solid impurities than ordinary drinking water.
● When evaporated to dryness, it must not yield more than
0.001% of residue.
● Used in the preparation of aqueous dosage forms
except those intended to be administered parenterally
Purified Water, USP
Effective in treating patients with mild volume depletion
(5%-10% of BW)
Oral Solution
Dry Mixtures for Solutions
Oral Colonic Lavage Solution
Oral Rehydration Solutions
Oral Rehydration Solutions
For medicinal agents, especially antibiotics, that have
insufficient stability in aqueous solutions
Oral Solution
Dry Mixtures for Solutions
Oral Colonic Lavage Solution
Oral Rehydration Solutions
Dry Mixtures for Solutions
Can be dispensed as is or diluted to prepare a pediatric
form
Oral Solution
Dry Mixtures for Solutions
Oral Colonic Lavage Solution
Oral Rehydration Solutions
Oral Solution
Alternative method of preparing the GIT of bowel for
procedures, and requires less time and dietary restriction
Oral Solution
Dry Mixtures for Solutions
Oral Colonic Lavage Solution
Oral Rehydration Solutions
Oral Colonic Lavage Solution
Clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions that are usually
flavored and are suitable for drugs that are insoluble in
water alone but soluble in water–alcohol mixtures
ELIXIRS
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of chemicals or
soluble constituents of crude drugs
TINCTURES
Aqueous solution used for cleansing and
maintaining acidic pH of vagina
Spirits
Diluted acids
Aromatic waters
Vaginal douches
Vaginal douches
clear, saturated or aqueous sol’ns of volatile oils
or other aromatic substances
Spirits
Diluted acids
Aromatic waters
Vaginal douches
Aromatic waters
Aqueous solutions prepared by dissolving concentrated acids in water Diluted HCI (10% w/v)
- Tx. gastric achlorhydria
Spirits
Diluted acids
Aromatic waters
Vaginal douches
Diluted acids
essences; hydroalcoholic sol’ns of volatile
substances; highest alcohol content: ≥60%
Spirits
Diluted acids
Aromatic waters
Vaginal douches
Spirits
Alcoholic or oleaginous solutions (or emulsions)
containing >1 API and are usually rubbed on the
skin
Salicylic acid collodion
Flexible collodion
Collodion/ Colloidion
Liniments
Liniments
Clear or slightly opalescent viscous liquid, water
repellent protective 4% pyroxylin + ether-alcohol
mixture (3:1)
Salicylic acid collodion
Flexible collodion
Collodion/ Colloidion
Liniments
Collodion/ Colloidion
Colloidion + 3% Castor oil (for flexibility) and 2%
Camphor (for waterproofing); topical protectant
Salicylic acid collodion
Flexible collodion
Collodion/ Colloidion
Liniments
Flexible collodion
Flexible collodion + 10% Salicylic acid; keratolytic
Salicylic acid collodion
Flexible collodion
Collodion/ Colloidion
Liniments
Salicylic acid collodion
fever-producing organic substances arising from microbial contamination
Pyrogens
earliest injectable drug to receive official recognition
Hypodermic morphine solution-
Most frequently used solvent in the large-scale manufacture of injections. Distillation or Reverse osmosis. NMT mg/100mL total solids and may not contain added
substances; Pyrogen-free
Water for Injection, USP
In single-dose containers not larger than 1L. Pyrogen-free, endotoxin level: 0.25 USP EU/mL. 1L bottles not to be administered IV.
Sterile Water for Injection, USP
SWI with one or more suitable antimicrobials
Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP
Sterile isotonic solution of NaCl in WFI. No antimicrobials; 154mEq each of Na and Cl per liter
Sodium Chloride Injection, USP
Contains one or more suitable antimicrobial, and must
be indicated on the label. <30mL containers
Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Injection, USP
Sterile solution of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2 in WFI; Vehicle; electrolyte replenisher, plasma volume expander
Ringer’s Injection, USP
Different quantities of the chlorides + Na lactate.
Fluid and electrolyte replenisher; systemic alkalizer
Lactated Ringer Injection, USP
the active principle of the pancreas gland, is
primarily concerned with the metabolism of
carbohydrates but also influences protein and fat
metabolism.
Insulin
a buildup of fibrous tissue
lipohypertrophy
fat loss in small area of the body
lipodystrophy
From beef or pork pancreas or both
U-100 or U-500.
Colorless to straw-colored solution;
substantially free from turbidity
Only insulin that can be administered IV
Regular Insulin
Biosynthetic human insulin- first FDA
approved rDNA drug product
Human Insulin (Humulin)
Recombinant rapid-acting insulin analog
differing from human insulin by replacing
2 amino acids at B3 and B29; produced
from E. coli
Sterile, clear, aqueous, and colorless
solution; stable only in NSS
Insulin Glulisine (Apidra)
Sterile aqueous suspension prepared from zinc-insulin crystals with protamine
Isophane Insulin Suspension (NPH Insulin)
Long-acting basal insulin preparation
intended for SC ODHS administration
■ Recombinant human insulin analog
formulated at pH 4.0; formation of
microspheres once injected SC
Insulin Glargine
Clear neutral solution produced by rDNA in
S. cerevisiae
■ Strong self-association and are highly
albumin bound
■ Should not be mixed with any other
insulin
Insulin Detemir
use disposable or single-use cartridges filled with either
150 or 300 U of insulin and packaged five per box. Their
ease of use and portability make them desirable for
patients to administer insulin, particularly for those
patients who desire to avoid the embarrassment of
needle use in public
Insulin Pens
allow an estimated 300,000 patients to achieve and
maintain blood glucose at nearly normal levels on a
constant basis through continuous SC insulin infusion.
Insulin Infusion Pumps
Infusion of enough basic nutrients to achieve active tissue
synthesis and growth
● Characterized by the long-term feeding of protein
solutions containing high concentrations of dextrose,
electrolytes, vitamins, and in some, insulin.
● Administered slowly through a large vein, permitting rapid
dilution and minimizes risk of tissue or cellular damage
due to hypertonicity. Dextrose final concentrations of
<10% can be given peripherally.
Parenteral Nutrition
Orally, via NGT, via feeding gastrostomy, or via
needle-catheter jejunostomy.
Products contain vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, and caloric requirements to meet the
specific needs
● Considerations: Type of tubing, Location of the tube,
Interactions, Pharmacokinetic concerns
Enteral Nutrition
intended to bathe or wash wounds,
surgical incisions, or body tissues.
Irrigation
Not injected into the vein but employed outside of the
circulatory system
Dialysis Solutions
solutions are allowed to flow into the peritoneal cavity and remove toxic substances normally excreted by the kidney.
Peritoneal Dialysis
is used to remove toxins from the blood
Hemodialysis
Pressurized dosage forms upon actuation will deliver a fire
mist of the product (liquid/solid drug in a gaseous
medium)
AEROSOLS
airborne mist
Space spray
surface carries active ingredients
Surface spray
