Pharmacogenomics & Teratogens Flashcards
Although mast cells are found in ________ and basophils are ____________, they have one thing in common
connective tissue; a type of white blood cell
They both contain histamine, an important chemical for fighting infections
The target cells in the immune system of immediate-type reaction are ____ & _____
The target cells in the immune system of immediate-type reaction are mast cells and basophils
It takes between ____ to ___ day of _______ exposure for the ______ and ______ to become primed with ____ _________
It takes between 7 to 10 days of sensitizing exposure for the mast cells and basophils to become primed with IgE antibodies
_________ is part of the immune system and contains granules rich in histamine and heparin
A mast cell
A mast cell
A mast cell is part of the immune system and contains granules rich in histamine and heparin
Type I
Type I reaction mediated by IgE
Most severe types of reactions
Anaphylaxis
Asthma syndrome
Dermatitis
Type II reaction
Type II reaction mediated by IgG, IgM
Hemolysis (break down) of red blood cells (blood disorder)
Ex: some forms of anemia, blood transfusion reactions, and some type of tissue transplant rejection
Type III reaction
Type III reaction mediated by IgG
Arthralgia (muscle/joint pain) and fever
Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph glands
_______ life-threatening and can occur at any time within minutes to a couple of hours
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is life-threatening and can occur at any time within minutes to a couple of hours
_______________ is a severe, progressive, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen
Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock
Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock
Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock is a severe, progressive, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen
______ any substance, organism, or physical agent that can cause developmental abnormalities or birth defects in a developing embryo or fetus. Teratogens can interfere with normal development, leading to congenital malformations or functional deficits that can manifest at birth or later in life.
Teratogen
Teratogen
Teratogen is any substance, organism, or physical agent that can cause developmental abnormalities or birth defects in a developing embryo or fetus. Teratogens can interfere with normal development, leading to congenital malformations or functional deficits that can manifest at birth or later in life.
Teratogen examples
Accutane
Thalidomide
rubella (German measles
Environmental factors like radiation
PLLR recommendations include three main categories
Fetal risk summary
- Characterizes the likelihood that a drug
increases the risk of four types of
developmental abnormalities
Clinical considerations
- Discussing fetal risk from inadvertent exposure
and prescribing decisions based on drug effects
on labor, delivery, and fetus
Data
- Detailed discussion of available data;
Drugs that are teratogenic may still be approved by the FDA, if
The therapeutic benefits outweigh the risk
Physician labeling clearly contraindicates use during pregnancy
What is Pharmacogenomics?
is the study of the role of the genome in drug response – a combination of pharmacology & genetics
studies how the genetic makeup of a patient affects their response to drugs
studies how the genetic makeup of a patient affects their response to drugs
Pharmacogenomics
If one nucleotide in a specific position is exchanged with another nucleotide, the alteration is referred to as a
Single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP (pronounced “SNIP”)
Majority of nucleotide variations are SNPs
studies how the genetic makeup of a patient affects their response to drugs
Pharmacogenomics
Other variations (mutations) include
insertions, deletions, duplications, and translocations of one or more nucleotides or even entire chromosomes
SNPs or other genetic variations can affect protein amount or function by
altering coding sequence of transcription or mRNA translation, which could be pharmacologically important
Genetic polymorphisms in pharmacokinetics are common in major _______ that metabolize both _____ and ________ reactions
Genetic polymorphisms in pharmacokinetics are common in major enzymes that metabolize both phase I and II reactions
Pharmacogenomics could facilitate ……
Pharmacogenomics could facilitate the creation of personalized drug therapy resulting in greater safety and efficacy of drugs
Genetic Polymorphisms
common in major enzymes that metabolize phase I and II reactions
True or False
clinically significant polymorphisms are in both phase 1 (CYP family of enzymes) and phase II liver enzymes
True
benefits of pharmacogenomics
Development of drugs to accurately target specific diseases based on genetic information resulting in
Establishing gene phenotypes prior to the use of certain medications
Matching the right drug and correct dose to patients’ genotype
Removing the need to experiment with medication till patients shows desired improvement (e.g., blood pressure medication)
Advanced screenings for disease or disease susceptibility to monitor conditions and maximize therapy
Developing better vaccines
Decreasing overall health care costs
