Pharmacogenomics & Teratogens

Question 1

Although mast cells are found in ________ and basophils are ____________, they have one thing in common

Answer 1

connective tissue; a type of white blood cell

They both contain histamine, an important chemical for fighting infections

Question 2

The target cells in the immune system of immediate-type reaction are ____ & _____

Answer 2

The target cells in the immune system of immediate-type reaction are mast cells and basophils

Question 3

It takes between ____ to ___ day of _______ exposure for the ______ and ______ to become primed with ____ _________

Answer 3

It takes between 7 to 10 days of sensitizing exposure for the mast cells and basophils to become primed with IgE antibodies

Question 4

_________ is part of the immune system and contains granules rich in histamine and heparin

Answer 4

A mast cell

Question 5

A mast cell

Answer 5

A mast cell is part of the immune system and contains granules rich in histamine and heparin

Question 6

Type I

Answer 6

Type I reaction mediated by IgE
Most severe types of reactions
Anaphylaxis
Asthma syndrome
Dermatitis

Question 7

Type II reaction

Answer 7

Type II reaction mediated by IgG, IgM
Hemolysis (break down) of red blood cells (blood disorder)
Ex: some forms of anemia, blood transfusion reactions, and some type of tissue transplant rejection

Question 8

Type III reaction

Answer 8

Type III reaction mediated by IgG
Arthralgia (muscle/joint pain) and fever
Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph glands

Question 9

_______ life-threatening and can occur at any time within minutes to a couple of hours

Answer 9

Anaphylaxis

Question 10

Anaphylaxis

Answer 10

Anaphylaxis is life-threatening and can occur at any time within minutes to a couple of hours

Question 11

_______________ is a severe, progressive, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen

Answer 11

Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock

Question 12

Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock

Answer 12

Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock is a severe, progressive, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen

Question 13

______ any substance, organism, or physical agent that can cause developmental abnormalities or birth defects in a developing embryo or fetus. Teratogens can interfere with normal development, leading to congenital malformations or functional deficits that can manifest at birth or later in life.

Answer 13

Teratogen

Question 14

Teratogen

Answer 14

Teratogen is any substance, organism, or physical agent that can cause developmental abnormalities or birth defects in a developing embryo or fetus. Teratogens can interfere with normal development, leading to congenital malformations or functional deficits that can manifest at birth or later in life.

Question 15

Teratogen examples

Answer 15

Accutane
Thalidomide
rubella (German measles
Environmental factors like radiation

Question 16

PLLR recommendations include three main categories

Answer 16

Fetal risk summary
- Characterizes the likelihood that a drug
increases the risk of four types of
developmental abnormalities
Clinical considerations
- Discussing fetal risk from inadvertent exposure
and prescribing decisions based on drug effects
on labor, delivery, and fetus

Data
- Detailed discussion of available data;

Question 17

Drugs that are teratogenic may still be approved by the FDA, if

Answer 17

The therapeutic benefits outweigh the risk
Physician labeling clearly contraindicates use during pregnancy

Question 18

What is Pharmacogenomics?

Answer 18

is the study of the role of the genome in drug response – a combination of pharmacology & genetics
studies how the genetic makeup of a patient affects their response to drugs

Question 19

studies how the genetic makeup of a patient affects their response to drugs

Answer 19

Pharmacogenomics

Question 20

If one nucleotide in a specific position is exchanged with another nucleotide, the alteration is referred to as a

Answer 20

Single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP (pronounced “SNIP”)
Majority of nucleotide variations are SNPs

Question 20

studies how the genetic makeup of a patient affects their response to drugs

Answer 20

Pharmacogenomics

Question 21

Other variations (mutations) include

Answer 21

insertions, deletions, duplications, and translocations of one or more nucleotides or even entire chromosomes

Question 22

SNPs or other genetic variations can affect protein amount or function by

Answer 22

altering coding sequence of transcription or mRNA translation, which could be pharmacologically important

Question 23

Genetic polymorphisms in pharmacokinetics are common in major _______ that metabolize both _____ and ________ reactions

Answer 23

Genetic polymorphisms in pharmacokinetics are common in major enzymes that metabolize both phase I and II reactions

Question 24

Pharmacogenomics could facilitate ……

Answer 24

Pharmacogenomics could facilitate the creation of personalized drug therapy resulting in greater safety and efficacy of drugs

Question 25

Genetic Polymorphisms

Answer 25

common in major enzymes that metabolize phase I and II reactions

Question 26

True or False
clinically significant polymorphisms are in both phase 1 (CYP family of enzymes) and phase II liver enzymes

Answer 26

True

Question 27

benefits of pharmacogenomics

Answer 27

Development of drugs to accurately target specific diseases based on genetic information resulting in

Establishing gene phenotypes prior to the use of certain medications

Matching the right drug and correct dose to patients’ genotype

Removing the need to experiment with medication till patients shows desired improvement (e.g., blood pressure medication)

Advanced screenings for disease or disease susceptibility to monitor conditions and maximize therapy

Developing better vaccines

Decreasing overall health care costs