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Pharmacology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Drug ____________ and __________ are an adverse drug reaction

A

Drug hypersensitivity and allergies are an adverse drug reaction

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2
Q

what is a group of responses mounted by the body to attacks from outside the body

A

The immune system is a group of responses mounted by the body to attacks from outside the body

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3
Q

immune system

A

The immune system is a Group of responses mounted by the body to attacks from outside the body

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4
Q

Antigen

A

antigen is a substance that elicits an immune response

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5
Q

______ is a substance that elicits an immune response

A

Antigen

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6
Q

Antigen-Specific

A

Recognize and act against particular antigens

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7
Q

Recognize and act against particular antigens

A

Antigen-Specific:

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8
Q

Immune System Components

A

Antigen -Specific
Systemic
Memory
Self/Non-self Recognition

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9
Q

Systemic

A

Not Confined to the initial infection but work throughout the body

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10
Q

Not Confined to the initial infection but work throughout the body

A

Systemic

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11
Q

Recognizes and mounts an even stronger attack to the same antigen next time

A

Memory

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Memory

A

Recognizes and mounts an even stronger attack to the same antigen next time
Builds immunity; Vaccinations or Cold/flu

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14
Q

Self/Non-Self Recognition

A

Most Important Component of the immune system
Self/non-self recognition is achieved by every cell displaying a marker based on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Any cell not displaying this marker is treated as non-self and attacked

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15
Q

every cell displaying a marker based on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

Self/Non-Self Recognition

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16
Q

every cell displaying a marker based on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Any cell not displaying this marker is treated as _____ and attacked

A

Self/Non-Self Recognition

as nonself and attacked

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17
Q

Most Important Component of the immune system

A

Self/Non-Self Recognition

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18
Q

What is MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
MCH are group of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the immune system

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19
Q

Any cell not displaying this marker is treated as non-self and attacked

A

Self/Non-Self Recognition

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20
Q

Sometimes the process breaks down and the immune system attacks the body’s own cell

A

autoimmune diseases

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21
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

Sometimes the process breaks down and the immune system attacks the body’s own cell
multiple sclerosis (MS), sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), rheumatoid arthritis

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22
Q

There are instances when the immune response to not harmful substances is inappropriately overwhelming

A

Allergies

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23
Q

Allergies

A

There are instances when the immune response to not harmful substances is inappropriately overwhelming

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24
Q

Two Main Fluid Systems of Immune System

A

The Hematopoietic (blood) and Lymphatic Systems

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25
Q

Cells in the Hematopoietic system

A

Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs)
Thrombocytes or platelets

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26
Q

All the cells in the Hematopoietic system develop from

A

common cell in the bone marrow; The pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

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27
Q

Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs)

A

Carry oxygen

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28
Q

Carry oxygen

A

Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs)

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29
Q

Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs)

A

Fight infections

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30
Q

Fight infections

A

Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs)

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31
Q

Thrombocytes or platelets

A

Help control bleeding; clotting

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32
Q

Help control bleeding; clotting

A

Thrombocytes or platelets

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33
Q

Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs), are responsible

A

Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs), are responsible for protecting the body from infection and part of the immune system

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34
Q

Leukocytes are subdivided into:

A

Granulocytes (containing large granules in the cytoplasm)
Agranulocytes (without granules)

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35
Q

___________ are WBCs with secretory granules & consist of Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

A

Granulocytes

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36
Q

Granulocytes

A

Granulocytes are WBCs with secretory granules & consist of
Neutrophils (55–70%)
Eosinophils (1–3%)
Basophils (0.5–1.0%)

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37
Q

_________ are lymphocytes (single large nucleus, no granules)

A

Agranulocytes

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38
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Agranulocytes are lymphocytes (single large nucleus, no granules)
Consisting of B cells, T cells, and monocytes
Lymphocytes circulate in the blood and lymph systems and make their home in the lymphoid organs

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39
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes circulate in the blood and lymph systems and make their home in the lymphoid organs

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40
Q

Agranulocytes are _________

A

lymphocytes

41
Q

Consisting of B cells, T cells, and monocytes

A

Agranulocytes are lymphocytes

42
Q

___________ circulate in the blood and lymph systems and make their home in the lymphoid organs

A

Lymphocytes circulate in the blood and lymph systems and make their home in the lymphoid organs

43
Q

________ is clear, transparent, and colorless

A

Lymph is clear, transparent, and colorless

44
Q

Lymph

A

Lymph is clear, transparent, and colorless
It flows in the lymphatic vessels alongside the blood vessels, bathing tissues and organs in its protective covering
Along the lymph vessels, there are lymph nodes that serve as filters of the lymphatic fluid

45
Q

Along the lymph vessels, there are _________ that serve as ________ of the _________ _______

A

Along the lymph vessels, there are lymph nodes that serve as filters of the lymphatic fluid

46
Q

It is in the ________ where antigens are usually presented to the immune system

A

Lymph nodes

47
Q

It is in the lymph nodes where ______ are usually ________ to the ______ _______

A

It is in the lymph nodes where antigens are usually presented to the immune system

48
Q

What are the main cells of the lympatihc system

A

T and B cells are the main cells of the lymphatic system

49
Q

Primary Organs of the Immune System

A

Bone Marrow & Thymus Gland

50
Q
A
51
Q

What produces B Cells

A

Bone Marrow

52
Q

What produces T Cells?

A

Thymus Gland

They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus

53
Q

What cells are involved in humoral immunity (related to antibodies)

A

B Cells

54
Q

________ ________ produces antigen-specific antibodies and is primarily driven by B cells

A

Humoral Immunity

55
Q

Humoral immunity produces antigen-specific antibodies and is primarily driven by _____ cells

A

B Cells

56
Q

Cell-mediated immunity does not depend on antibodies for its adaptive immune functions and is primarily driven by mature_____ cells

A

T Cells

57
Q

_______ ________ does not depend on antibodies for its adaptive immune functions and is primarily driven by mature T cells

A

Cell-mediated immunity

58
Q

T- Cells; Produced & Function

A

Thymus gland = T cells
They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus

T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity
- Cell-mediated immunity does not depend on antibodies for its adaptive immune functions and is primarily driven by mature T cells

The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific “non-self” antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation

59
Q

B- Cells; Produced & Function

A

Bone marrow = B Cells

B cells are involved in humoral immunity (related to antibodies)
- Humoral immunity produces antigen-specific antibodies and is primarily driven by B cells

The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific “non-self” antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation

60
Q

What is the function of T & B cells?

A

The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific “non-self” antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation

61
Q

Secondary organs for the immune system

A

Adenoids, tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, appendix and Peyer’s patches (within the intestines)

WBCs originate in the bone marrow and then migrate to the other primary and secondary lymph organs

62
Q

What cells originate in the bone marrow and then migrate to the other primary and secondary lymph organs

A

White Blood Cells

63
Q

WBCs originate in the _____ ______ and then migrate to the other primary and secondary ______ ______

A

Bone Marrow; Lymph Organs

64
Q

Immunoglobulins are used by what?

A

Immunoglobulins used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses

65
Q

Function of Immunoglobulins

A

Immunoglobulins used to identify & neutralize foreign objects like bacteria or viruse
- The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen

66
Q

What forms gamma gobulins?

A

Antibodies form gamma globulin part of the blood proteins

67
Q

_______ inactivate_________ through various mechanisms

A

antibodies inactivate antigens through various mechanisms

68
Q

Constituents of gamma globulin are (Types of immunoglobulins)

A

IgG - 76%
IgA - 15%
IgM - 8% (much larger than the other immunoglobulins)
IgD - 1%
IgE - 0.002%

69
Q

Immunity can be either

A

Natural or artificial
Innate or acquired/adaptive
Active or passive

70
Q

Active natural (contact with infection)

A

Develops slowly, is long term, and antigen specific

71
Q

Develops slowly, is long term, and antigen specific

A

Active natural (contact with infection)

72
Q

Active artificial (immunization-vaccines)

A

Develops slowly, lasts for several years, and is specific to the antigen for which the immunization was given

73
Q

Develops slowly, lasts for several years, and is specific to the antigen for which the immunization was given

A

Active artificial (immunization-vaccines)

74
Q

Passive natural (trans-placental mother-to-child)

A

Develops immediately, is temporary, and affects all antigens to which the mother has immunity

75
Q

Develops immediately, is temporary, and affects all antigens to which the mother has immunity

A

Passive natural (trans-placental mother-to-child)

76
Q

Passive artificial (injection of gamma globulin)

A

Develops immediately, is temporary, and affects all antigens to which the donor has immunity

77
Q

IgG

A

IgG dominates in the secondary immune responses
IgG is the only antibody that crosses the placental barrier to the fetus
Most common Immunoglobulin
It is responsible for the 3 to 6 month immune protection of newborns that is conferred by the mother
Mediates Type II & Type III reactions

78
Q

Most common Immunoglobulin

A

IgG

79
Q

only antibody that crosses the placental barrier to the fetus

A

IgG

80
Q

dominates in the secondary immune responses

A

IgG

81
Q

It is responsible for the 3 to 6 month immune protection of newborns that is conferred by the mother

A

IgG

82
Q

dominates in primary immune responses

A

IgM

83
Q

IgM

A

IgM dominates in primary immune responses
Less of them but much lager than other immunoglobulins
Mediates Type II reaction

84
Q

Vaccines ______ the immune system’s _______, which are responsible for ______ the presence of a ________ and typically peak 10 to 18 days after the shot

A

Vaccines activate the immune system’s T cells, which are responsible for detecting the presence of a virus and typically peak 10 to 18 days after the shot

85
Q

Vaccine_______ ________, to create _____ that ______ the virus from being able to replicate and the________ _______ to destroy the infected cells

A

Vaccines also instruct B-cells to create antibodies that block the virus from being able to replicate and the T-killer cells to destroy the infected cells

86
Q

Vaccines offer what type of Immunization

A

Vaccines offer Active Artificial Immunization

87
Q

True or false?
With all types of vaccines, the body is left with a supply of “memory” T-lymphocytes as well as B-lymphocytes that will remember how to quickly fight that particular antigen (virus) in the future

A

TRUE

88
Q

mast cells & basophils (type of WBCs) do what

A

target cells in the immune system for immediate-type reactions

89
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

mast cells are found in connective tissue
contain histamine, an important chemical for fighting infections

90
Q

What are basophils?

A

basophils are a type of white blood cell and contain histamine

91
Q

What does mast cells and basophils have in common?

A

They both contain histamine an important chemical for fighting infections

Unfortunately, when released into the body inappropriately or in too high a quantity, histamine is a potentially devastating substance resulting in allergic reactions

92
Q

It takes between 7 to 10 days of ______ exposure for the ____ _____ and basophils to become primed with IgE antibodies

A
93
Q

A mast cell is part of the ______ ______ and contains granules rich in ______ and ________

A

A mast cell is part of the immune system and contains granules rich in histamine and heparin(anticoagulant to prevent blood clots)

94
Q

What can happen if too much histamine is released into the body?

A

when released into the body inappropriately or in too high a quantity, histamine is a potentially devastating substance resulting in allergic reactions

95
Q

How long does sensitizing take and what is it primed by?

A

It takes between 7 to 10 days of sensitizing exposure for the mast cells and basophils to become primed with IgE antibodies

96
Q

What is an allergic Cascade?

A

If a second exposure occurs to the same allergen , it triggers a destructive domino effect within the system called the allergic cascade

97
Q

True or false
Antigens combines with adjacent molecules of the IgG antibodies that have become attached to the mast or basophil cell surface

A

FALSE
IgE

Antigens combines with adjacent molecules of the IgE antibodies that have become attached to the mast or basophil cell surface

98
Q

The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an _______

A

Antigen

99
Q

The aim of vaccines is to

A

teach the body’s immune system to recognize and block viruses

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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