Immune System Flashcards
Drug ____________ and __________ are an adverse drug reaction
Drug hypersensitivity and allergies are an adverse drug reaction
what is a group of responses mounted by the body to attacks from outside the body
The immune system is a group of responses mounted by the body to attacks from outside the body
immune system
The immune system is a Group of responses mounted by the body to attacks from outside the body
Antigen
antigen is a substance that elicits an immune response
______ is a substance that elicits an immune response
Antigen
Antigen-Specific
Recognize and act against particular antigens
Recognize and act against particular antigens
Antigen-Specific:
Immune System Components
Antigen -Specific
Systemic
Memory
Self/Non-self Recognition
Systemic
Not Confined to the initial infection but work throughout the body
Not Confined to the initial infection but work throughout the body
Systemic
Recognizes and mounts an even stronger attack to the same antigen next time
Memory
Memory
Recognizes and mounts an even stronger attack to the same antigen next time
Builds immunity; Vaccinations or Cold/flu
Self/Non-Self Recognition
Most Important Component of the immune system
Self/non-self recognition is achieved by every cell displaying a marker based on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Any cell not displaying this marker is treated as non-self and attacked
every cell displaying a marker based on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Self/Non-Self Recognition
every cell displaying a marker based on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Any cell not displaying this marker is treated as _____ and attacked
Self/Non-Self Recognition
as nonself and attacked
Most Important Component of the immune system
Self/Non-Self Recognition
What is MHC
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
MCH are group of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the immune system
Any cell not displaying this marker is treated as non-self and attacked
Self/Non-Self Recognition
Sometimes the process breaks down and the immune system attacks the body’s own cell
autoimmune diseases
autoimmune diseases
Sometimes the process breaks down and the immune system attacks the body’s own cell
multiple sclerosis (MS), sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), rheumatoid arthritis
There are instances when the immune response to not harmful substances is inappropriately overwhelming
Allergies
Allergies
There are instances when the immune response to not harmful substances is inappropriately overwhelming
Two Main Fluid Systems of Immune System
The Hematopoietic (blood) and Lymphatic Systems
Cells in the Hematopoietic system
Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs)
Thrombocytes or platelets
All the cells in the Hematopoietic system develop from
common cell in the bone marrow; The pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs)
Carry oxygen
Carry oxygen
Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs)
Fight infections
Fight infections
Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs)
Thrombocytes or platelets
Help control bleeding; clotting
Help control bleeding; clotting
Thrombocytes or platelets
Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs), are responsible
Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs), are responsible for protecting the body from infection and part of the immune system
Leukocytes are subdivided into:
Granulocytes (containing large granules in the cytoplasm)
Agranulocytes (without granules)
___________ are WBCs with secretory granules & consist of Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Granulocytes
Granulocytes
Granulocytes are WBCs with secretory granules & consist of
Neutrophils (55–70%)
Eosinophils (1–3%)
Basophils (0.5–1.0%)
_________ are lymphocytes (single large nucleus, no granules)
Agranulocytes
Agranulocytes
Agranulocytes are lymphocytes (single large nucleus, no granules)
Consisting of B cells, T cells, and monocytes
Lymphocytes circulate in the blood and lymph systems and make their home in the lymphoid organs
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes circulate in the blood and lymph systems and make their home in the lymphoid organs
Agranulocytes are _________
lymphocytes
Consisting of B cells, T cells, and monocytes
Agranulocytes are lymphocytes
___________ circulate in the blood and lymph systems and make their home in the lymphoid organs
Lymphocytes circulate in the blood and lymph systems and make their home in the lymphoid organs
________ is clear, transparent, and colorless
Lymph is clear, transparent, and colorless
Lymph
Lymph is clear, transparent, and colorless
It flows in the lymphatic vessels alongside the blood vessels, bathing tissues and organs in its protective covering
Along the lymph vessels, there are lymph nodes that serve as filters of the lymphatic fluid
Along the lymph vessels, there are _________ that serve as ________ of the _________ _______
Along the lymph vessels, there are lymph nodes that serve as filters of the lymphatic fluid
It is in the ________ where antigens are usually presented to the immune system
Lymph nodes
It is in the lymph nodes where ______ are usually ________ to the ______ _______
It is in the lymph nodes where antigens are usually presented to the immune system
What are the main cells of the lympatihc system
T and B cells are the main cells of the lymphatic system
Primary Organs of the Immune System
Bone Marrow & Thymus Gland
What produces B Cells
Bone Marrow
What produces T Cells?
Thymus Gland
They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus
What cells are involved in humoral immunity (related to antibodies)
B Cells
________ ________ produces antigen-specific antibodies and is primarily driven by B cells
Humoral Immunity
Humoral immunity produces antigen-specific antibodies and is primarily driven by _____ cells
B Cells
Cell-mediated immunity does not depend on antibodies for its adaptive immune functions and is primarily driven by mature_____ cells
T Cells
_______ ________ does not depend on antibodies for its adaptive immune functions and is primarily driven by mature T cells
Cell-mediated immunity
T- Cells; Produced & Function
Thymus gland = T cells
They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus
T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity
- Cell-mediated immunity does not depend on antibodies for its adaptive immune functions and is primarily driven by mature T cells
The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific “non-self” antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation
B- Cells; Produced & Function
Bone marrow = B Cells
B cells are involved in humoral immunity (related to antibodies)
- Humoral immunity produces antigen-specific antibodies and is primarily driven by B cells
The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific “non-self” antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation
What is the function of T & B cells?
The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific “non-self” antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation
Secondary organs for the immune system
Adenoids, tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, appendix and Peyer’s patches (within the intestines)
WBCs originate in the bone marrow and then migrate to the other primary and secondary lymph organs
What cells originate in the bone marrow and then migrate to the other primary and secondary lymph organs
White Blood Cells
WBCs originate in the _____ ______ and then migrate to the other primary and secondary ______ ______
Bone Marrow; Lymph Organs
Immunoglobulins are used by what?
Immunoglobulins used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses
Function of Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins used to identify & neutralize foreign objects like bacteria or viruse
- The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen
What forms gamma gobulins?
Antibodies form gamma globulin part of the blood proteins
_______ inactivate_________ through various mechanisms
antibodies inactivate antigens through various mechanisms
Constituents of gamma globulin are (Types of immunoglobulins)
IgG - 76%
IgA - 15%
IgM - 8% (much larger than the other immunoglobulins)
IgD - 1%
IgE - 0.002%
Immunity can be either
Natural or artificial
Innate or acquired/adaptive
Active or passive
Active natural (contact with infection)
Develops slowly, is long term, and antigen specific
Develops slowly, is long term, and antigen specific
Active natural (contact with infection)
Active artificial (immunization-vaccines)
Develops slowly, lasts for several years, and is specific to the antigen for which the immunization was given
Develops slowly, lasts for several years, and is specific to the antigen for which the immunization was given
Active artificial (immunization-vaccines)
Passive natural (trans-placental mother-to-child)
Develops immediately, is temporary, and affects all antigens to which the mother has immunity
Develops immediately, is temporary, and affects all antigens to which the mother has immunity
Passive natural (trans-placental mother-to-child)
Passive artificial (injection of gamma globulin)
Develops immediately, is temporary, and affects all antigens to which the donor has immunity
IgG
IgG dominates in the secondary immune responses
IgG is the only antibody that crosses the placental barrier to the fetus
Most common Immunoglobulin
It is responsible for the 3 to 6 month immune protection of newborns that is conferred by the mother
Mediates Type II & Type III reactions
Most common Immunoglobulin
IgG
only antibody that crosses the placental barrier to the fetus
IgG
dominates in the secondary immune responses
IgG
It is responsible for the 3 to 6 month immune protection of newborns that is conferred by the mother
IgG
dominates in primary immune responses
IgM
IgM
IgM dominates in primary immune responses
Less of them but much lager than other immunoglobulins
Mediates Type II reaction
Vaccines ______ the immune system’s _______, which are responsible for ______ the presence of a ________ and typically peak 10 to 18 days after the shot
Vaccines activate the immune system’s T cells, which are responsible for detecting the presence of a virus and typically peak 10 to 18 days after the shot
Vaccine_______ ________, to create _____ that ______ the virus from being able to replicate and the________ _______ to destroy the infected cells
Vaccines also instruct B-cells to create antibodies that block the virus from being able to replicate and the T-killer cells to destroy the infected cells
Vaccines offer what type of Immunization
Vaccines offer Active Artificial Immunization
True or false?
With all types of vaccines, the body is left with a supply of “memory” T-lymphocytes as well as B-lymphocytes that will remember how to quickly fight that particular antigen (virus) in the future
TRUE
mast cells & basophils (type of WBCs) do what
target cells in the immune system for immediate-type reactions
Where are mast cells found?
mast cells are found in connective tissue
contain histamine, an important chemical for fighting infections
What are basophils?
basophils are a type of white blood cell and contain histamine
What does mast cells and basophils have in common?
They both contain histamine an important chemical for fighting infections
Unfortunately, when released into the body inappropriately or in too high a quantity, histamine is a potentially devastating substance resulting in allergic reactions
It takes between 7 to 10 days of ______ exposure for the ____ _____ and basophils to become primed with IgE antibodies
A mast cell is part of the ______ ______ and contains granules rich in ______ and ________
A mast cell is part of the immune system and contains granules rich in histamine and heparin(anticoagulant to prevent blood clots)
What can happen if too much histamine is released into the body?
when released into the body inappropriately or in too high a quantity, histamine is a potentially devastating substance resulting in allergic reactions
How long does sensitizing take and what is it primed by?
It takes between 7 to 10 days of sensitizing exposure for the mast cells and basophils to become primed with IgE antibodies
What is an allergic Cascade?
If a second exposure occurs to the same allergen , it triggers a destructive domino effect within the system called the allergic cascade
True or false
Antigens combines with adjacent molecules of the IgG antibodies that have become attached to the mast or basophil cell surface
FALSE
IgE
Antigens combines with adjacent molecules of the IgE antibodies that have become attached to the mast or basophil cell surface
The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an _______
Antigen
The aim of vaccines is to
teach the body’s immune system to recognize and block viruses
