Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Exam 1 Mehta SG Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Mehta SG Part 1 Flashcards

Basics of Biochemistry and Physiology

1
Q

What is Chronic inflammation?

A

Chronic Inflammation
*It is a pathological condition characterized by continued active inflammation response and tissue destruction
*The chronic inflammatory process induces oxidative stress and reduces cellular antioxidant capacity
oOverproduced free radicals react
with cell membrane fatty acids and
proteins impairing their function
permanently
oIn addition, free radicals can lead
to mutation and DNA damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Risk factors of chronic inflammation, to name a few, include

A

Hypoxia (COPD?), obesity, hyperglycemia, and smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

There is now general consensus, that ________________ can be a predisposing factor for some cancers and accelerated aging

A

Chronic Inflmastaion

There is now general consensus, that chronic inflammation can be a predisposing factor for some cancers and accelerated aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chronic inflammation It is also believed to play a serious role in a wide variety of age-related diseases including:

A

Diabetes, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness
- Vasodilation
- increased blood flow
Swelling
-Edema, caused by accusation of fluid outside of blood vessels
Heat
-Increased blood flow to the area
Pain
- Distortion of tissues caused by edema
-Chemical mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins
Loss of function
- Because of pain or severe swelling that prevent movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the importance of pharmacology in the audiology profession?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the Cardinal Signs of inflammation

A

Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain
Loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are enzymes
Name example & function

A
  • Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the cells
    oAlmost all enzymes are proteins

-Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules
Inhibitors are molecules that
decrease enzyme activity
oMany drugs and poisons are
enzyme inhibitors
Activators are molecules that
increase enzyme activity

  • Collagenase, lactase, acetylcholinesterase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name an Enzyme example

A

Collagenase, lactase, acetylcholinesterase

(Enzymes end in …ase, of the name of compounds that they act on)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Enzymes end in ______ of the name of compounds that they act on
For examples: (name 3)

A

ase

Enzymes end in …ase, of the name of compounds that they act on

For examples: Collagenase, lactase, acetylcholinesterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are enzymes

A
  • Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the cells
    oAlmost all enzymes are proteins

-Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules
Inhibitors are molecules that
decrease enzyme activity
oMany drugs and poisons are
enzyme inhibitors
Activators are molecules that
increase enzyme activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

-Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules

o Inhibitors are molecules that
decrease enzyme activity
*Many drugs and poisons are
enzyme inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are activators?

A

-Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules

oActivators are molecules that
increase enzyme activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of enzymes

A
  • Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the cells
    oAlmost all enzymes are proteins

-Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules
Inhibitors are molecules that
decrease enzyme activity
oMany drugs and poisons are
enzyme inhibitors
Activators are molecules that
increase enzyme activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are Receptors?

A
  • A receptor is a protein molecule
  • located in cell surface or cytoplasm
  • Allows for communication between Cell & world outside the cell
  • ## Receptors allow ligands to attach resulting in a change in the cell function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are ligands?

A
  • ligands are extracellular molecules
  • Ligands are anything that are not within the cells its self.
    (it can be within the body or not part of the body.)

ex: Hormones, neurotransmitters, toxins, or drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are proteins
Name example & function

A

-Proteins are polypeptides sequences
formed from various amino acids

  • Your genes are what dictate how each protein will develop/function

Example: Keratin, Collagen, Albumin, Actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are proteins

A

-Proteins are polypeptides sequences
formed from various amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name an example of Proteins

A

Example: Keratin, Collagen, Albumin, Actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of proteins

A

The function of the protein is determined by your genetic compositions.
- Your genes are what dictate how each protein will develop.

Ex: number of amino acids, shapes of amino acids and type of amino acids are all determined by your DNA/genetic compositions that dictate how each protein will develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are neurotransmitters
Name example & function

A
  • A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries, boosts, and modulates signals between neurons and other cells in the body

-Neurotransmitters classified by function

 *Excitatory neurotransmitters
           o These increase the likelihood 
            that neurons will fire an action     
             potential

* Inhibitory neurotransmitters
           o They decrease the likelihood 
               that neurons will fire an action 
               potential
  • Some neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and dopamine, can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects depending upon the type of receptors that are present
  • Ex:
    excitatory: epinephrine and norepinephrine
    inhibitory: Serotonin and GABA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A
  • A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries, boosts, and modulates signals between neurons and other cells in the body

Classified by function
*Excitatory neurotransmitters
*Inhibitory neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

__________ cause reactions that are slower than those associated with neurotransmitters

A

Hormones

o Hormones cause reactions that are slower than those associated with neurotransmitters
- Synthetic compounds also can act
like hormones in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Diseases such as _________ and _________ are associated with deficits in certain neurotransmitters, for example

Dopamine deficiency ___________
Acetylcholine deficiency __________

A

Diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s are associated with deficits in certain neurotransmitters, for example
Dopamine deficiency in Parkinson’s dx
Acetylcholine deficiency in Alzheimer’s dx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dopamine deficiency =

A

Dopamine deficiency in Parkinson’s dx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Acetylcholine deficiency =

A

Acetylcholine deficiency in Alzheimer’s dx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is reuptake?

A

In a process known as reuptake, the neurotransmitter attaches to the receptor site and is reabsorbed by the neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name an example of neurotransmitters

A

*Excitatory neurotransmitters
- epinephrine and norepinephrine

*Inhibitory neurotransmitters
-serotonin and GABA

*Some neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and dopamine, can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects depending upon the type of receptors that are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of Neurotransmitters

A

Neurotransmitters classified by function

Excitatory neurotransmitters
oThese neurotransmitters have
excitatory effects on the neuron
-These increase the likelihood
that neurons will fire an action
potential
o Major excitatory neurotransmitters
include epinephrine and
norepinephrine

Inhibitory neurotransmitters
o These neurotransmitters have
inhibitory effects on the neuron
-They decrease the likelihood
that neurons will fire an action
potential
o Major inhibitory neurotransmitters
include serotonin and GABA

  • Some neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and dopamine, can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects depending upon the type of receptors that are present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Function of Neurotransmitter based on type.

A

*Acetylcholine - voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles (via the sympathetic pathways)

*Norepinephrine - wakefulness or arousal - via the sympathetic pathway

*Dopamine - voluntary movement and motivation, “wanting”, pleasure, associated with addiction and love

*Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) – memory, emotion, wakefulness, sleep and temperature regulation (association with depression?)

*Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) - inhibition of motor neurons; major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

*Glycine – spinal reflexes and motor behavior

*Glutamate – excitatory stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are hormones
Name example & function

A
  • A hormone is a chemical substance, usually a peptide or steroid, produced and released by one set of cells and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to effect physiological activity, such as growth or metabolism
  • Hormones are chemical messengers that transports a signal from one cell to another.
    -sending signals into the bloodstream
    and tissues.
  • Thyroid hormone, cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Thyroid, cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone are examples of what?

A

Hormone Examples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are hormones

A

A hormone is a chemical substance, usually a peptide or steroid, produced and released by one set of cells and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to effect physiological activity, such as growth or metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Name a hormone example

A

Examples of hormones include

o Thyroid hormone, cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the function of hormones

A
  • Hormones are powerful and only a small amount of a hormone is required to alter cell metabolism

** Hormones are chemical messengers that transports a signal from one cell to another.

  • effect physiological activity, such as growth or metabolism
  • All multicellular organisms produce hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are neuromodulators
Name example & function

A
  • A neuromodulator is a substance, other than a neurotransmitter, released by a neuron and transmitting information to other neurons, thereby altering their activities
       -Neuromodulators produce a more diffuse response, and are released throughout the central nervous system
  • They play a role in sensory transmission, especially pain
  • Substance P modulated pain
  • Dopamine and nicotine are involved in addiction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are neuromodulators

A
  • A neuromodulator is a substance, other than a neurotransmitter, released by a neuron and transmitting information to other neurons, thereby altering their activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Name a neuromodulator example

A

Substance P modulated pain

Dopamine and nicotine are involved in addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of neuromodulators

A
  • Neuromodulator are released by a neuron and transmitting information to other neurons, thereby altering their activities
     -Neuromodulators produce a more 
   diffuse response, and are released 
   throughout the central nervous 
   system
  • They play a role in sensory transmission, especially pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are controlled substances
Name example & function

A
  • Controlled substances are drugs that have some potential for abuse or dependence
    o FDA also regulates controlled
    substances
  • Opioids are powerful pain relievers
  • EX: Opioids (narcotics), Stimulants, and sedatives
    o Opioids include Morphine,
    hydrocodone, and codeine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are controlled substances

A
  • Controlled substances are drugs that have some potential for abuse or dependence
    o FDA also regulates controlled
    substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Name an example of controlled substance

A
  • EX: Opioids (narcotics), Stimulants, and sedatives
    o Opioids include Morphine,
    hydrocodone, and codeine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the function of controlled substances

A
  • Opioids are powerful pain relievers

(not 100% this is one function I could find)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is Doctrine of Signatures

A

Doctrine Signatures is the idea that plants, herbs, nuts etc have “signatures” that can be “read” to cure diseases based on their resemblance to the human body.

Ex: wallnuts look like brain/head and is believed to cure ailments of head.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Name examples of Doctrine of Signatures

A
  • Carrot = eye
  • tomato = heart
  • Walnut = brain/head
  • Bead = Kidney

Walnuts & leaves of Saint Johns Wort

  • Walnuts were good to cure ailments of the head because they had a perfect signature for the head!
  • The holes in the leaves of Saint Johns Wort resemble pores of the skin and, therefore, can treat disease and wounds of the skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the margin of safety?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is ANDA?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is NDA?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is a Patent?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Biochemistry is the study …

A

Biochemistry is the study of the molecular basis of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Cell signaling

A

How Cells talk to each other
- the transfer of information from one
cell to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Define Ion

A

An Ion is an electrically charged atom or molecule formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons

  • can be Cation, Anion or neural ion
  • Ions have rings, each ring has a maximum number of electrons it can hold
  • first (inner) ring - 2 electrons
  • 2nd ring = 8 electrons
  • 3rd ring= 18 electrons
  • 4th ring = 32 electrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are electrons

A

NEGATIVELY CHARGED

negatively charged subatomic particle that can be either bound to an atom or free (not bound)

54
Q

What are protons

A

POSITIVELY CHARGED

Positively charged subatomic particle that can be either bound to an atom or free (not bound)

55
Q

List Maximum number of electrons rings 1,2,3 & 4 can hold

A

The first (inner) ring can only hold 2 electrons
The second level can hold 8
The third can hold 18
The fourth holds 32, …

56
Q

If an Ion has a positive charge

A

Cation = Positive charged ion

57
Q

If an Ion has a negative charge

A

Anion= Negative Charged ion- CI-

A-Angry= Negative

58
Q

What is a Cation?

A

Positive Charged Ion- Na+

  • atomic shell has lost electrons
  • More protons than electrons = ion a positive charge
59
Q

What is an Anion?

A

Negative Charged Ion - CI-

  • electrons are added to shell
  • More electrons than protons = ion negatively charged
60
Q

Name common ions in the body and cochlea

A

Common ions in the body & cochlea includes Na+, K+ and Cl-

61
Q

Molecule

A

Molecule is the smallest unit of a pure substance that has all of the properties of that substance

It is made up of TWO or MORE atoms linked by a chemical bond.

62
Q

T/F the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom is equal to the atomic number?

A

True

63
Q

T/F the number of electrons in the nucleus of the atom is equal to the atomic number?

A

False
Protons = the atomic number

64
Q

Radicals

A

Radicals

65
Q

T/F Atoms are most stable/least reactive when their outermost shell is empty?

A

FALSE
Atoms are most stable/least reactive when their outermost shell is FULL?

66
Q

What is an uncharged atom

A

an uncharged atom may have balanced charges
- is an equal number of electrons and protons

67
Q

What is an uncharged atom with a not full outer will be_______ & known as _____

A

An uncharged atom with a not full outer shell will be CHEMICALLY UNSTABLE & called a RADICAL

68
Q

Radicals

A

Uncharged atom, outer shell not full and chemically unstable

69
Q

Radicals also known as

A

Free radical

Radical & Free Radical = same

70
Q

Are free radicals good or bad?

A

Too many free radicals damage other molecules over time.

71
Q

Compound

A

1) A compound is the combination of 2 or more elements with a chemical union.

2) reproducible, every time you combine the same elements you get the same product

3) Can be Broken down into simpler forms by chemical means

72
Q

Mixture

A
  • 2 or more different element and or compounds (physically intermingled)
  • Can be separated into in components by physical means
  • It often retains many of the properties of its components

Ex: Salt water;
Both are compounds and can take on each others properties but can be separated also

  • You can taste the water, you can taste the salt but you can also take the combination of the two
73
Q

Non- Uniform Mixture

A
  • 2 or more substances without fixed proportions and WITHOUT chemical bonding
  • Each Substance keeps its ORIGINAL PROPERTIES

ex: Oil & Water

74
Q

Compound
VS
Mixture
VS
Non- uniform Mixture

A

Compound;
- COMBINATION of 2 or more elements

Mixture;
- 2 or more elements and or compounds
- Physically inert mingled but can be separated into components

Non-Uniform Mixture
- 2 or More substances WITHOUT chemical bonding and without fixed proportions
- Each substance keeps its original properties

75
Q

What is a chemical bond

A

A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances containing two or more atoms

The Two Main Types are
Covalent bonds
Non-covalent bonds

76
Q

Name the types of bonds

A

There are different types of bonds
Covalent bonds
Non-covalent bonds
-Electrostatic bonds (ionic)
-Hydrogen bonds
-Hydrophobic attractions
-van der Waals bonds

77
Q

Covalent Bonds

A
  • It results from the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms on different molecules
  • It is the bonding between non-metals
  • Held together by there metal affinity for their shared electrons
  • Strongest and most stable chemical bond
  • Not typically involved in drug receptor interactions
78
Q

Bonding between nonmetals

A

Covalent Bonds

79
Q

What bonds hold together proteins, Carbohydrates and Lipids

A

Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds are the force that hold together proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

80
Q

The strongest & most stable type of chemical bond

A

Covalent Bonds

81
Q

Covalent Bond Main Points

A
  • results from the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms on different molecules
  • It is the bonding between non-metals
  • Strongest and most stable chemical bond
82
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Type of non-covalent bond
- force between a positive hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur
-

83
Q

A _______________ alone is weaker than covalent and ionic bonds

A

A hydrogen bond alone is weaker than covalent and ionic bonds

  • When atoms are close together, and several bonds are formed it increases the strength of the bond
84
Q

T/F Any molecule which has a hydrogen atom attached directly to an oxygen or a nitrogen is capable of hydrogen bonding

A

TRUE

85
Q

Any molecule which has a hydrogen atom attached directly to an ________ or a __________is capable of _____________

A

Any molecule which has a hydrogen atom attached directly to an OXYGEN or a NITROGEN is capable of HYDROGEN BONDING

86
Q

What Bond
Hold the two strands of the DNA double helix together

A

Hydrogen Bond

87
Q

What bond
Hold polypeptides together

A

Hydrogen Bond

88
Q

What Bond
Help enzymes bind to their substrate

A

Hydrogen Bond

89
Q

What Bond
Help antibodies bind to their antigen

A

Hydrogen Bond

90
Q

What Bond
Help transcription factors bind to each other

A

Hydrogen Bond

91
Q

What Bond
Help transcription factors bind to DNA

A

Hydrogen Bond

92
Q

Bonding Between metal & nonmetal

A

Ionic Bonds

93
Q

_______ are electrostatic bonds between two ions of opposite charges.

A

IONIC BONDS are electrostatic bonds between two ions of opposite charges.
- It is the transformer of one or more electrons from a metal onto a non metal
- Atoms - charge are attracted to + charge atoms

94
Q

_________ are stronger than hydrogen but weaker than covalent bonds

A

Ionic Bonds

95
Q

A ________ bond is the most effective force in attracting drug molecules to a receptor site.

A

IONIC Bonds

A ionic bond is the most effective force in attracting drug molecules to a receptor site.

96
Q

Ionic Bond

A
  • Bonding between metal & nonmetals
  • Electrostatic bonds between two ions of opposite charge (+ & -)
  • Ionic bond is the most effective force in attracting drug molecules to a receptor site.
  • Strong than hydrogen but weaker than covalent bonds
97
Q

What bond
Molecules can attract each other at moderate distances and repel each other at close range

A

Van der Waals bonds

98
Q

What Bond
is the most common bond between atoms

A

Van der Waals bonds

99
Q

What bond is the weakest

A

Van der Waals bonds

100
Q

What Bond
These forces operate only when molecules pass very close to each other

A

Van der Waals bonds

101
Q

What bond
provide a weak force for some drugs and their receptors

A

Van der Waals bonds

102
Q

Van der Waals bonds

A
  • Molecule attract at moderate distances & repel each at close range
    -They interact w/ opposite charges
  • The bigger the atom or molecule. The bigger the Van der Waals’
103
Q

What is Redox?

A

Oxidation & Reduction = Redox
- There are no oxidation reactions without a reduction reaction happening at the same time

104
Q

What is Oxidation

A

Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons

105
Q

What is reduction

A

Reduction refers to the gain of electrons

106
Q

Oxidation & Reduction/ Redox

A
  • a family of reactions that are concerned with the transfer of electrons
  • Redox reactions are a matched set
    - Oxidation & reduction need to
    occur at the SAME TIME
  • Each Reaction by itself is called a Half - reaction, there needs to be 2 1/2 reactions to forma whole
  • When Metal oxidized- lose electron-positive charge = Cation
  • Non-Metal - reduced - gains the electron lost by the metal- negative charge= Anion
107
Q

___________refers to the loss of electrons, while __________ refers to the gain of electrons

A

Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction refers to the gain of electrons

108
Q

True or False
Oxidation & reduction
Each reaction by itself is called a half-reaction, simply because there need to be two half-reactions to form a whole reaction

A

True
Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction refers to the gain of electrons

Each reaction by itself is called a half-reaction, simply because there need to be two half-reactions to form a whole reaction

109
Q

All __________ atoms are characterized by their tendency to be oxidized, losing one or more electrons, forming a ____________ = ___________

The electrons lost by the ________ are not destroyed but gained by the _________, which is said to be reduced

As the ___________ gains the electrons lost by the metal, it forms a _______________, =_________

A

All METAL atoms are characterized by their tendency to be oxidized, losing one or more electrons, forming a POSITIVELY CHARGED ION = CATION

The electrons lost by the METAL are not destroyed but gained by the NON_METAL, which is said to be reduced

As the non-metal gains the electrons lost by the metal, it forms a NEGATIVELY charged ion = ANION

110
Q

METALS

A

METALS = oxidized = losing electrons = postive charge = CATION

111
Q

NON METALS

A

NON METALS = reduced = gain electrons = negative charge = ANION

112
Q

What is an oxidation/reduction reaction

A

Redox
- Oxidation & reduction occurs at the same time
- METALS = oxidized = losing electrons = postive charge = CATION
NON METALS = reduced = gain electrons = negative charge = ANION

113
Q

what is oxidative stress?

A

Oxidative stress= Too many/more ROS

Summarized- Oxidative stress is a disturbance/ imbalance between the production of ROS & the bodies antioxidant defenses

Oxidative stress is a disturbance (imbalance) between the production of reactive oxygen species – ROS (includes free radicals and peroxides) produced by most body reactions, and a biologic system’s antioxidant defenses, which would allow it to easily repair the resulting damage

Disturbance in this redox environment results in excess ROS that can damage components of cells, including proteins, lipids, and DNA

114
Q

Currently, oxidative stress and inflammation are two processes believed to go hand in hand (the two evil twins!), believed to result in:

A

Oxidative Stress
-Currently, oxidative stress and inflammation are two processes believed to go hand in hand (the two evil twins!), believed to result in:
o The aging process
o Neurodegeneration
o Diseases such as:
 Diabetes
 Some cancers
 Atherosclerosis
 Parkinson’s Disease
 Alzheimer’s Disease

115
Q

Severe Oxidative stress

A

*Severe oxidative stress may cause cell death by necrosis
o Passive, accidental cell death with
subsequent inflammation

116
Q

Moderate oxidation

A

*Moderate oxidation can trigger apoptosis
o Active, programmed cell death that
avoids eliciting inflammation

117
Q

What is necrosis

A

Necrosis is when a cell fills up with fluid, bursts/ruptures and dies. but the fluid will affect and damage the surrounding cells

118
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Cell suicide, program cell death. The cell shrinks, losses its organelles, losses cell membrane and it does not cause damage to surrounding cells.

119
Q

Reactive oxygen Species (ROS)

A

*Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not always harmful and can be beneficial, such as
o ROS is used by the immune system
to attack and kill pathogens
o ROS is used in cell signaling

*But overproduction of ROS must be prevented to prevent cell damage
oThere are natural antioxidants that
occur in the body as well as
antioxidants obtained from food and
vegetables to prevent overproduction
of ROS

120
Q

What is Glutathione

A

Neutralizes ROS and is a natural antioxidant.

Glutathione is a naturally produced antioxidant found in plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria that protects cells from toxins such as free radicals

Glutathione is an important protector within the auditory-vestibular system

Neutralizes ROS and is a natural antioxidant.

Glutathione can be produced by any cell in the body but the liver is the main production source

121
Q

__________ is an important protector within the auditory-vestibular system

A

Glutathione is an important protector within the auditory-vestibular system

122
Q

What is an natural antioxidant and neutralizes ROS

A

Glutathione

123
Q

___________ can be produced by any cell in the body but the liver is the main production source

A

Glutathione can be produced by any cell in the body but the liver is the main production source

124
Q

T/F
Inflammation is necessary response that allows the body to destroy invading organisms and repair itself (wound healing)

A

TRUE
Inflammation is necessary response that allows the body to destroy invading organisms and repair itself (wound healing)
In some disorders, the inflammatory process, which normally is self‐limiting, becomes continuous and chronic inflammatory diseases might subsequently develop

125
Q

Function of
Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter

*Acetylcholine
- voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles (via the sympathetic pathways)

126
Q

Function of
Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter

*Norepinephrine
- wakefulness or arousal - via the sympathetic pathway

127
Q

Function of
Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter

*Dopamine
- voluntary movement and motivation, “wanting”, pleasure, associated with addiction and love

128
Q

Function of
Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter

*Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) – memory, emotion, wakefulness, sleep and temperature regulation (association with depression?)

129
Q

Function of
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

Neurotransmitter

*Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- inhibition of motor neurons; major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

130
Q

Function of
Glycine

A

Neurotransmitter

*Glycine
– spinal reflexes and motor behavior

131
Q

Function of
Glutamate

A

Neurotransmitter
*Glutamate – excitatory stimulation

Pharmacology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions