Pharmaco3 Flashcards
The major natural glucocorticoid is: • triamcinolone • cortisol • dexamethasone • prednisone • prednisolone
cortisol - Glucocorticoids are most often used as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents
The synthetic glucocorticoids include hydrocortisone, cortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone, methylyprednisolone, and betamethasone
Mineralocorticoids regulate ? in the collecting tubules of the kidney. The major natural mineralocorticoid in humans is ?. Other mineralocorticoids include deoxycorticosterone and fludrocortisone. Mineralocorticoids are used in replacement therapy in hypoadrenocorticism or ? disease
- sodium and potassium reabsorption
- aldosterone
- Addison’s disease
Contraindications to corticosteroid use include ? — these drugs themselves may cause peptic ulcers
latent TB or fungal infection, AIDS, herpes infections and patients with peptic ulcer disease (specifically, gastric ulcers)
Corticosteroids ? cure any disease. In patients with Addison’s disease, corticosteroids serve as a replacement for the lack of steroid hormones being produced by the patient
do not
All of the following are pharmacologic effects of glucocorticoids EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
• stimulate protein breakdown, which results in increased plasma amino acid levels
• stimulate gluconeogenesis in the liver and inhibit peripheral glucose use
• impaired wound healing
• reduce the immune response
• decreased lipolysis
• inhibit local edema, capillary dilation, migration and activation of white blood cells, and phagocytosis by macrophages
• increase hemoglobin concentration and increase the numbers of circulating red blood cells and platelets
decreased lipolysis
The pharmacologic effects of high mineralocorticoids include ?
an increase in sodium retention and an increase in potassium depletion which can lead to edema and hypertension
The pharmacologic effects of low mineralocorticoids may lead to ?
dehydration and hypotension
The major natural mineralocorticoid in humans is: • dexamethasone • aldosterone • cortisol • prednisone • triamcinolone
aldosterone - others are all glucocorticoids
Aldosterone is secreted by cells located in the ? of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
The secretion of aldosterone is regulated by ? and ? and is very important in the regulation of blood volume and pressure.
- ACTH
* the renin-angiotensin system
Aldosterone promotes ? into the blood from the glomerular filtrate. ? is lost in the urine because of the electronegativity that is created by the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney tubules
• reabsorption of sodium
• Potassium
(Increased blood aldosterone levels will result in high sodium and low potassium levels in the plasma)
Addison’s disease is caused by ?
the hyposecretion of aldosterone and cortisol
ADH (Vasopressin) decreases the production of urine by ?
At high concentrations, ADH causes ? (increases blood pressure).
- increasing the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules
* arterioles to constrict
Which corticosteroid is administered by inhalation to treat asthma? • hydrocortisone • prednisone • cortisone • fluticasone (Flonase) • methylprednisolone (Medrol)
fluticasone (Flonase) (also Beclomethasone and triamcinolone are popular inhalers)
Which of the following drugs are classified as corticosteroids (steroids). Select all that apply. • hydrocortisone • methylprednisolone • prednisone • compazine • fluoxetine • triamcinolone • dexamethasone
- hydrocortisone
- methylprednisolone
- prednisone
- triamcinolone
- dexamethasone
All of the following drugs are direct vasodilators EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? • hydralazine (Apresoline) • diazoxide (Proglycem) • captopril (Capoten) • sodium nitroprusside (Nipride) • nitroglycerin (Nitrostat)
captopril (Capoten)
Calcium channel blockers are effective ? and have been applied to the management of hypertension
vasodilators (indirect) such as Diltiazem and Nifedipine
***associated with causing gingival hyperplasia
? are peripheral vasodilators
Hydralazine and minoxidil
All of the following drugs are used to prevent or to provide relief of angina pectoris EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? • nitroglycerin (Nitrostat) • isoflurophate • nifedipine (Procardia) • diftiazem (Cardizem) • propranolol (Inderal) • isosorbide (lsordil)
isoflurophate
Propranolol (Inderal) and Atenolol (Tenormin) are representative of ? used to prevent angina attacks.
the beta-blockers
Amyl nitrite is used in the emergency treatment of cyanide poisoning because it:
• oxidizes hemoglobin
• irreversibly binds cyanide
• competes with cyanide for binding of cytochromes
• inhibits tubular reabsorption of cyanide
oxidizes hemoglobin - to methemoglobin which binds cyanide tightly, keeping it in the peripheral circulation and preventing its access to tissues - administered by inhalation only. It is the most rapidly acting of the antianginal drugs, producing effects within 10 seconds, This drug is rarely prescribed and is abused to produce euphoria and as a sexual stimulant
The positive inotropic effect of Digoxin (Lanoxin):
• is dependent upon a normal cardiac rhythm
• directly increases the force of myocardial contractions
• is antagonized by beta-blockers
• all of the above
directly increases the force of myocardial contractions - cardiac glycosides (such as Digoxin) help the heart beat more strongly (positive inotropic effect), more slowly (bradycardia) and more efficiently - used to treat most supraventricular arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock and chronic heart failure.
These drugs are used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure ?
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - interfere with the conversion of angiotensin I (a weak vasoconstrictor) to angiotensin II (a highly effective constrictor) which is a stimulus for aldosterone release
Amiodarone (Cordarone) is the most potent and “broad-spectrum” anti-arrhythmic compound currently available.
Procainamide is an antihypertensive drug used to treat high blood pressure.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• The first statement is true, the second is false
• The first statement is false, the second is true
The first statement is true, the second is false - Procainamide is an antiarrhythmic agent that is used in the treatment of several cardiac arrhythmias
Verapamil is useful for the treatment of: • angina • hypertension • supraventricular tachyarrhythmias • all of the above
all of the above (is a calcium channel blocker)
? are used to treat acute symptomatic deep vein thrombosis
heparin
heparin is administered ? since they are unable to be absorbed from the GI tract
subcutaneously
heparins have a small effect on partial thromboplastin time but strongly inhibit ?
factor Xa (NOT IIa)
The antidote for heparin is ?; the antidote for warfarin is ?
- protamine
* vitamin K
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are reversible anti-platelet agents used to prevent ? complications and used in patients with ?. They are administered intravenously.
These agents block the platelet glycoprotein IIb/llIa receptor, the binding site for ?
- acute cardiac ischemic
- acute coronary syndrome
- fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor
For a patient who is taking anticoagulants, what is the most valuable test used in evaluating the patient as a surgical risk?
• PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time)
• PT (Prothrombin Time)
• platelet count
PT (Prothrombin Time) - This test is a one-stage test for detecting certain plasma coagulation defects owing to a deficiency of factors V, VII, or X
A prolonged PT therefore indicates deficiency in ?
one of the factors, as in liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, or anticoagulation therapy
All of the following conditions are managed by using anticoagulants and anti-platelet agents EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? • coronary artery disease (CAD) • angina pectoris (Unstable Angina) • myocardial infarction (Heart Attack) • stroke • hypertension
hypertension
The “statin” drugs (atorvastatin and lovastatin) have the capability to increase the breakdown of ? thereby releasing muscle protein. If the protein overloads the kidneys, ? could result. ? drugs enhance the capabilities of the “statins” to cause this effect. It is advisable for patients medicated with a “statin” drug not to be given erythromycin products
- skeletal muscle
- renal failure
- The erythromycin
Antihypertensive agents lower blood pressure by reducing total peripheral resistance and by reducing cardiac output through a variety of mechanisms.
ACE inhibitors inhibit the conversion of inactive angiotensin I to the angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
both statements are true
Which of the drugs below can prolong the QT interval of cardiac electrical conduction and thus can increase the risk of cardiac arrhythrnias? • erythromycin • ibuprofen • hydrocodone • penicillin VK • azithromycin (Z-Pak)
erythromycin - Azithromycin, another member of the erythromycin family of antibiotics is not associated with prolonging the QT interval
Antimetabolites are cell cycle-specific drugs acting primarily in the:
• G0 phase or resting phase of the cell cycle
• S phase of the cell cycle
• G1 phase of the cell cycle
• G2 phase of the cell cycle
S phase of the cell cycle (DNA synthesis)
by interfering with the biosynthesis of the purine and pyrimidine bases
The most important toxic effect of potassium-sparing diuretics is ?
hyperkalemia
All of the following are effects of insulin EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? • decreased gluconeogenesis • increased triglyceride storage • decreased protein synthesis • increased glycogen synthesis
decreased protein synthesis - This is false; insulin increases protein synthesis