Management1 Flashcards
Arrange the following steps of the educational process in correct order.
- expressing needs
- stimulating motivation
- recognizing needs
- evaluating results
- reinforcing learning
- setting goals
- acting to achieve goals
recognizing needs expressing needs stimulating motivation setting goals acting to achieve goals reinforcing learning evaluating results
Identify each of the following statements that are true concerning needs and learning.
• needs are driving forces that prompt a person to act
• the process of learning is continuous
• learning occurs as a person attempts to satisfy needs
• expressing needs helps to pinpoint them for the patient and dentist
• recording educational needs can be as important as recording treatment needs
• all of the above statements are true
all of the above statements are true
Most researchers believe that changes in behavior are a prerequisite to changes in attitude.
Behavior can be defined as a determined, purposeful unit of activity.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
both statements are true
The principal nonverbal cue that two or more persons can use to regulate verbal communication is: • posture • facial expression • eye contact • gestures • proximity
eye contact
a mutual sense of trust and openness between individuals?
rapport
the ability to experience the feelings of another person?
empathy
Which term describes a behavioral response that operates by the simple process of association of one stimulus with another?
• operant conditioning
• classical conditioning
• observational learning
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment & extinction are four types of ?
operant conditioning (the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement each time the behavior is exhibited)
Which type of aggression is an act of hostility unnecessary for self-protection or preservation that is directed toward an external object or person?
• destructive aggression
• inward aggression
• constructive aggression
destructive aggression
Which one of the following types of patients is usually considered to be the most difficult? • the "know-it-all" patient • the anxious patient • the shy patient • the talkative patient • the stubborn patient
the anxious patient
Which type of parent has an excessively demanding attitude? • neglectful parent • overprotective parent • manipulative parent • hostile parent
manipulative parent
Dental fear is an unpleasant mental, emotional or physiologic sensation derived from a specific dental related stimulus.
Someone who experiences fear will not necessarily be anticipating a negative event, their response will occur at the moment the unpleasant event (e.g., pain) occurs.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
both statements are true
A 32-year-old woman visits the dental office for a routine dental cleaning. The dental hygienist discovers that the patient has not been following the home care program that was recommended six months ago. The hygienist believes that the problem is not a skills deficiency but a management deficiency instead. What is the best course of action for the hygienist?
• accept that the patient might never change her habits
• provide the patient with a pamphlet on periodontal disease
• collaborate with the dentist to determine the course of action
• go over brushing & flossing techniques
collaborate with the dentist to determine the course of action
Behavior shaping is also called: • aversive conditioning • successive approximation • restraining • hypnodontics
successive approximation
using a punishment or something unpleasant to stop an unwanted behavior
aversive conditioning (less effective than reinforcement)
any form of restriction of movement by a patient in the dental environment?
dental restraint
Which one of the following is a conceptual framework that describes a person's health behavior as an expression of his or her health beliefs? • health maintenance model • health role model • health belief model • leading circle model
health belief model
Behavior modification is also known as: • behavior evaluation • behavior therapy • behavior shaping • behavior training
behavior therapy
Five techniques are used to facilitate patient dialogue: empathy, respect, reflection, interpretation and silence.
Reflection is the explanation and understanding of the patient’s comments.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
the first statement is true, the second is false (it is interpretation, reflection is a response that restates or repeats a segment of the patient’s statement)
Each of the following are ways to communicate effectively with patients EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? • describe • evaluate • be specific • be responsive • pay attention
evaluate
Each of the following are considered to be aversive conditions of interaction between the dentist and patient EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? • psychophysiological reactions • stress, anxiety & fear • preventive oral health behavior • pain
preventive oral health behavior
Which of the following suggests that change does not happen in one step and people tend to progress through different stages on their way to successful change. • ABC model (behavior theory model) • stages of change model (SCM) • social cognitive theory • contemporary public health model
stages of change model (SCM)
Behavior is preceded by an Antecedent that sets off the behavior and is followed by a Consequence
ABC model (behavior theory model)
behaviors are learned through observation, modeling & motivation such as positive reinforcement
social cognitive theory
Which of the following is an essential part of risk management? • veracity • documentation • autonomy • negligence
documentation (legal competence, informed consent, liability, confidentiality and documentation)
Identify which one of the following is a false statement concerning personal protective equipment (PPE):
- protective clothing must be worn by dental professionals when contact with blood or other bodily fluids is anticipated
- gloves must be worn to prevent contact with blood, saliva or mucous membranes
- wearing gloves replaces the need for handwashing
- protective clothing must be removed before leaving the dental office
- masks must be changed between patients
wearing gloves replaces the need for handwashing
Identify each of the following that is a true statement regarding the laundering of contaminated laundry in the dental setting:
- contaminated laundry must be handled as little as possible
- the dentist may choose to use an outside laundry service
- the dentist or assigned office personnel may launder the clothes on-site
- contaminated laundry should be bagged at the location of use
- contaminated laundry should be handled with appropriate PPE
- if contaminated laundry is transported to a laundromat, the employee must be trained in the handling of contaminated laundry
all statements are true
any surface directly contaminated from patient materials, gloved hands, blood, or OPIM ((other potentially infectious material)) is called?
clinical contact surface
a chemical agent used to destroy recognized pathogens; kills some but not all microorganisms
disinfectant
a germicide effective against Salmonella choleraesuis, Staphylococcal aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
hospital disinfectant
a disinfectant that makes the label claim tuberculocidal
intermediate level disinfectant
an agent capable of inactivating Mycobacterium tuberculosis
tuberculocidal
a germicide effective against HIV and HBV?
low level disinfectant
The interpretation of the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) recommended infection control practices in dental healthcare settings varies from state to state; not all guidelines apply in all states.
The CDC recommended infection control practices in dental healthcare settings are stand-alone guidelines and are not required to be used in conjunction with OSHA practices & procedures.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
both statements are false
Instruments in the dental practice can all be classified as either critical or noncritical.
For infection to occur, these three conditions must be present: a susceptible host, a pathogen with sufficient infectivity and numbers to cause infection, and, a portal of entry through which the pathogen may enter the host.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
the first statement is false, the second is true (classified as critical, semicritical or noncritical)
critical instruments such as?
forceps, scalpels, bone chisels, scalers and surgical burs
semicritical instruments such as?
x-ray beam alignment devices, mirrors, amalgam condensers and burs
noncritical instruments ? come in contact with mucous membranes
do not
treatment of water supplies to reduce microbial counts to safe public health levels
sanitization
to expose food to an elevated temperature for a period of time sufficient to destroy certain diseasecausing microorganisms;
pasteurization (the target of pasteurization is the destruction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Identify each of the following that is a true statement regarding the purpose of cleaning prior to disinfection:
- cleaning destroys all pathogens
- cleaning reduces the concentration of pathogens
- cleaning removes blood and debris which can interfere with disinfection
- cleaning is optional prior to disinfection
- cleaning reduces the concentration of pathogens
* cleaning removes blood and debris which can interfere with disinfection
Identify the term that BEST describes the complete destruction of all forms of microbial life, including heat-resistant bacterial spores: • pasteurization • sanitization • sterilization • disinfection
sterilization
three equipment options for heat sterilization include ?
the autoclave, the chemical vapor sterilizer and the dry
heat oven
sterilizers must be monitored for proper functioning. this is done via?
via the use of biological indicators (BI) or spore tests
how often spore testing of all sterilizers is recommend ?
weekly
Identify the type of pathogen that provides the ultimate test for efficacy of sterilization: • fungal organisms • HIV • hepatitis B virus • bacterial spores
bacterial spores
For a steam autoclave, identify each of the following that lists the correct temperature, pressure and time that must be used for sterilization. • 250° F, 15 psi, 20 minutes • 270° F, 30 psi, 08 minutes • 270° F, 20 psi, 20 minutes • 320° F, 20 psi, 20 minutes
- 250° F (121 °C), 15 psi, 20 minutes
* 270° F (132 °C), 30 psi, 08 minutes
Autoclave disadvantages?
- corrosion of unprotected carbon steel instruments
- dulling of unprotected cutting edges
- packages may remain wet at the end of a cycle
- use of hard water may leave deposits
- possible destruction of heat sensitive materials
For a dry heat oven, identify the correct temperature and time that must be used for sterilization. • 375° F, 60 minutes • 375° F, 120 minutes • 320° F, 60 minutes • 320° F, 120 minutes
320° F, 120 minutes
375° F, 12 minutes for wrapped items and 6 minutes for unwrapped items
For a chemical vapor sterilizer, identify the correct temperature, pressure and time that must be used for sterilization. • 250° F, 20 psi, 20-40 minutes • 250° F, 30 psi, 40-60 minutes • 270° F, 15 psi, 40-60 minutes • 270° F, 20 psi, 20-40 minutes
270° F (132 °C), 20 psi, 20-40 minutes
chemical vapor sterilizer advantages
- no corrosion of metal instruments including carbon steel
- no dulling of cutting edges
- suitable for orthodontic stainless wires
which sterile method can sterilize liquids?
steam autoclave
How many hours are required to kill bacterial spores when a dental instrument is placed in a 2% solution of glutaraldehyde ("cold sterilization")?
• 8 hours
• 10 hours
• 12 hours
• 24 hours10 hours
Identify which one of the following is the most efficient way to kill microbes: • cold sterilization • heat sterilization • glutaraldehyde • all of the above
heat sterilization
- moist heat destroys bacteria by ?
* dry heat destroys bacteria by ?
- denaturation
* coagulation
Identify which one of the following is a false statement concerning infection control in the dental setting:
• exposure is not synonymous with infection
• do not disinfect what you can sterilize
• environmental surfaces must be sterilized between patients
• all dental patients can be treated using standard bloodborne precautions
environmental surfaces must be sterilized between patients (thorough cleaning of the surfaces is sufficient)
Identify which one of the following is a false statement regarding potential operator errors that may cause the failure of a spore test:
• the sterilizer was overloaded
• the sterilizer cycle was interrupted
• improper packaging was used
• inadequate time, temperature and/or pressure was used
• inadequate warm up time was completed
• mineral deposit build up
mineral deposit build up (it is an EQUIPMENT PROBLEM)
Identify which one of the following is a true statement concerning chemical monitoring:
• chemical monitoring is a definitive means of determining sterilization
• chemical monitoring determines if critical pressure has been reached
• chemical monitoring uses heat sensitive chemicals
• when a chemical indicator changes color, sterilization is complete
• a chemical indicator is part of the spore strip glassine envelope
chemical monitoring uses heat sensitive chemicals (not spores) confusion often exists between biological monitoring (spore testing) & chemical monitoring
Identify which one of the following is a false statement concerning the use of alcohol hand gels in the dental setting:
• the convenience of alcohol hand gel use helps to increase compliance with hand washing guidelines
• hand washing with an alcohol product takes less time than using soap & water
• alcohol hand gels can save busy practitioners valuable time between patients
• studies have shown that alcohol hand gels reduce microorganisms significantly better than soap & water
• alcohol hand gels cause more dryness than soap & water hand washing
hand gels cause more dryness than soap & water washing
Identify which one of the following is a false statement concerning when to use hand hygiene techniques in the dental setting: • before touching a patient • before aseptic procedures • after donning gloves • after touching a patient • after touching patient surroundings
after donning gloves
alcohol based hand gel: if hands feel dry after ? or less of rubbing, too little product has been used
10 seconds
soap & water hand washing: rub hands together for at least ?
15 seconds
Identify which one of the following is a false statement concerning the use of disinfectants in the dental setting:
• the disinfectant used must be registered by the EPA
• each practice must maintain a written schedule for surface disinfection
• PPE must be used when using disinfectants
• when using a disinfectant, the use of vinyl exam gloves is recommended
when using a disinfectant, the use of vinyl exam gloves is recommended
surfaces without barriers must be cleaned and disinfected with an ? -level disinfectant
intermediate
Between patients, all surfaces without protective coverings must be cleaned and disinfected with an intermediate-level disinfectant.
Between patients, all protective coverings used in place of surface disinfection must be changed/replaced.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
both statements are true
areas covered with barriers during the treatment day should be disinfected at ?
the end of the day
OSHA stands for?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) Bloodborne Pathogens Standard mandates that all dental healthcare professionals receive, at a minimum, the Hepatitis B vaccination series.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) mandates all other vaccinations.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
the first statement is true, the second is false (OSHA defers to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for all other required vaccinations and screenings)
CDC recommends influenza, mmr, varicella, tdap, hepatitis b
All employees with potential exposure to bloodborne pathogens are required to have the Hepatitis B vaccination.
The vaccination record of each employee must be kept for 30 years beyond the employee’s last day of employment in the practice.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
both statements are true
post vaccination titer testing for hepatitis b must be done ? months after the original vaccine series is completed, its documentation is treated like an employee medical record and kept for ? years from last date of employment
- 1 - 2
* 30
A booster dose of the Hepatitis B vaccine is required.
The Hepatitis B vaccine series requires that at least 16 weeks elapse between dose 1 and dose 3.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
the first statement is false, the second is true (and at least 8 weeks must elapse between doses 2 & 3)
if the employee is still negative after a second vaccine series, the employee is considered ? and should be tested for ?
- a non-responder
* chronic HBV infection
contact dermatitis is classified as ?
either irritant or allergic
Identify which one of the following is the most common form of a glove-associated reaction seen on the hands of health care professionals:
• irritant contact dermatitis
• latex allergy /type I immediate hypersensitivity
• allergic contact dermatitis/type IV delayed hypersensitivity
• fungal infection of the cuticles
irritant contact dermatitis
type IV hypersensitivity can result from exposure to ?
- accelerators and other chemicals used in the manufacture of rubber gloves
- can result from exposure to other chemicals found in the dental practice setting
type IV hypersensitivity often manifests as ?
a rash beginning hours after contact
- type I hypersensitivity to ?
- begins within ?
- symptoms ?
- latex proteins
- minutes of exposure but can sometimes occur hours later
- runny nose, sneezing, itchy eyes, scratchy throat, hives & itchy burning sensations
Identify each of following that is a true statement concerning providing safe treatment for patients with possible or documented latex allergy:
- be aware of common predisposing conditions (e.g., allergies to avocados, kiwis, nuts, or bananas)
- be familiar with the different types of hypersensitivity immediate and delayed
- frequently clean all working areas contaminated with latex powder/dust
- frequently change ventilation filters and vacuum bags used in latex-contaminated areas
- have latex-free kits (e.g., dental treatment and emergency kits) available at all times
- be aware that allergic reactions can be provoked from indirect contact as well as direct contact
all of the statements are true
Identify each of following that is a true statement concerning hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection:
- injection drug users are at risk for HCV infection
- HCV infection is the leading indication for liver transplants in the United States
- HCV infection signs and symptoms may include fever, fatigue, dark urine, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and jaundice
- 70-80% of persons with HCV infection are asymptomatic
- there is no cure for HCV infection
all of the statements are true
Identify which one of the following is an option for treating a patient with a confirmed latex allergy: • wear vinyl or nitrile gloves • wear hypoallergenic latex gloves • do not wear any gloves • refuse to treat the patient
wear vinyl or nitrile gloves
An infection caused by normally non-pathogenic microorganisms in a host whose resistance has been decreased or compromised is known as: • a nosocomial infection • a secondary infection • an opportunistic infection • a recurrent infection
an opportunistic infection
a hospital acquired infection?
a nosocomial infection
Identify which one of the following that is not a vaccine preventable disease: • hepatitis A infection • hepatitis B infection • hepatitis C infection •VZV (varicella zoster virus) infection
hepatitis C infection
What does OSHA stand for?
• Occupational Safety & Health Administration
• Occupational Safety & Hazard Administration
• Occupational Standards & Health Administration
• Occupational Standards & Hazard Administration
Occupational Safety & Health Administration
The Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) is a federal agency that develops and enforces regulations designed to protect the: • patient • employer • employee • all of the above
employee
Identify which one of the following is considered to be "infectious" and "regulated" medical waste: • gowns • plastic barriers • extracted teeth • cotton rolls
extracted teeth (others can be disposed of in regular trash)
Each one of the following is considered regulated waste EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? • blood soaked gauze • contaminated needles • surgically removed tissue • gloves
gloves
Identify which one of the following is a true statement from the American Dental Association’s Best Management Practices for Amalgam Waste?
• use bleach to flush waste water lines in order to minimize the dissolution of amalgam
• dispose of teeth with amalgam restorations in biohazard or sharps containers
• salvage amalgam pieces from restoration removal and recycle with amalgam waste
• stock bulk elemental mercury in addition to precapsulated alloys
salvage amalgam pieces from restoration removal and recycle with amalgam waste
Identify each one of the following that is a true statement regarding what must be included in the training of employees as detailed by the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard:
• information on the hepatitis B vaccine
• explanation of biohazard labels used in the office
• a copy of the standard and explanation of its contents
• opportunity for interactive questions & answers with the person conducting the training session
• explanation of the basis for selection of PPE
• general explanation of the epidemiology & symptoms of bloodborne diseases
• explanation of the modes of transmission of bloodborne pathogens
• instructions on disposal of amalgam waste
- information on the hepatitis B vaccine
- explanation of biohazard labels used in the office
- a copy of the standard and explanation of its contents
- opportunity for interactive questions & answers with the person conducting the training session
- explanation of the basis for selection of PPE
- general explanation of the epidemiology & symptoms of bloodborne diseases
- explanation of the modes of transmission of bloodborne pathogens
Identify which one of the following is a false statement regarding the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard training of employees:
• training must be provided at no cost to the employee
• training must be conducted during normal working hours
• training must be reviewed twice per year
• training must take place as soon as the employee is hired
training must be reviewed twice per year (must take place annually, employer must document attendance of the employee and maintain attendance records for a minimum of 3 years)
The OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard requires that a written exposure control plan (ECP) be reviewed: • biannually • annually • quarterly • none of the above
annually
Which of the following diseases prompted OSHA to adopt the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard for dentistry: • tuberculosis • HIV disease • HBV/hepatitis B • HCV/hepatitis C • all of the above
HIV disease
The OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard is a comprehensive set of rules and regulations that have been created to prevent the transmission of bloodborne diseases: • to patients • to employers • to employees • to all of the above
to employees
As defined by OSHA, an exposure incident is a specific eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) which results from the performance of a worker’s duties.
An example of an exposure incident is a needle stick.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
both statements are true
Unless the employer can establish that identification of the source individual is infeasible or prohibited by state or local law, following an exposure incident — the source individual must be identified and the HBV and HIV status must be determined.
If the source individual does not consent, the employer must establish that legally required consent cannot be obtained.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
both statements are true
In 1996, Universal Precautions were revised and renamed: • mandatory precautions • hazard precautions • standard precautions • OSHA precautions
standard precautions
• the practice of considering that all blood & body fluids might be contaminated with blood and should be treated as infectious
• all patients must be treated with the same infection control procedures
• standard precautions must be used for all patient encounters
According to the CDC, which of the following are common infection control violations observed in the dental office:
• improper disposal of biohazardous waste
• improper biological monitoring of sterilizer
• improper disposal of sharps
• improper hand hygiene
• improper storage of dental instruments
• improper flushing of dental water lines
• improper disinfection of environmental surfaces
• improper instrument debridement
all
Identify each one of the following that is a true statement concerning the use of a face mask in the dental setting:
• a new mask should be used for each patient
• a mask should have a 95% filter efficiency for small particle aerosols
• a mask is required when spatter of blood or body fluids is likely
• a mask is used to protect nose & mouth from spatter
• a mask that is damp is still effective as a barrier
- a new mask should be used for each patient
- a mask should have a 95% filter efficiency for small particle aerosols
- a mask is required when spatter of blood or body fluids is likely
- a mask is used to protect nose & mouth from spatter
OPIM stands for ? • other possibly irritating materials • only potential infectious matter • only potently infectious matter • other potentially infectious materials
other potentially infectious materials
Documents that contain information concerning hazardous chemicals are called • MDDS • MSSD • MSDS • MDSD
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets)
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) must be readily available to employees for all potentially hazardous chemicals used in the dental practice. Identify each one of the following that is found on the MSDS: • fire & explosion data • hazardous ingredients • dental office contact information • chemical & common names • protection information • reactivity data
- fire & explosion data
- hazardous ingredients
- chemical & common names
- protection information
- reactivity data
Which one of the following is regulated by OSHA? • all sharps • contaminated sharps • non-contaminated sharps • none of the above
contaminated sharps
Identify each one of the following that is a true statement concerning sharps containers.
• must be puncture-resistant
• must have sides & bottom that are leak proof
• must be labeled or color-coded as hazardous
• must be a reusable containers
• must be closable
• must be kept upright
• must be replaced routinely and not be overfilled
- must be puncture-resistant
- must have sides & bottom that are leak proof
- must be labeled or color-coded as hazardous
- must be closable
- must be kept upright
- must be replaced routinely and not be overfilled
Engineering controls are controls that are intended to isolate or remove hazards in the workplace.
Work place controls are controls that are intended to reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
both statements are true
For each employee whose job involves occupational exposure to blood and OPIM, what must be maintained in the employee medical record by the dentist employer?
• occupational exposure/incident records
• test results pertaining to exposure incident
• hepatitis B vaccine record
• all of the above
all of the above
Transferring Employee Medical Records?
• when selling a dental practice, the employee medical records must be transferred to the new owner
• in cases where there is no new owner of the dental practice, you must notify the director of NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health) at least 3 months prior to closing the dental practice and offer to
transmit/transfer the employee records to NIOSH
Per the current CDC guidelines, dental unit water lines should be flushed at the beginning of the day for how long? • 30 seconds • 45 seconds • 60 seconds • none of the above
30 seconds
flush air/water through handpieces for ? after each patient
20-30 seconds
Per OSHA guidelines, what is the minimum amount of time required for employers to keep employee training records? • 2 years • 3 years • 5 years • 7 years
3 years
Per OSHA guidelines, what is the minimum amount of time required for employers to keep a sharps injury log? • 2 years • 3 years • 5 years • 7 years
5 years
Per OSHA guidelines, no employee in the dental practice may decline the hepatitis B vaccination.
The hepatitis B vaccination is non-infectious and there is no risk of developing
HBV from the vaccine.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
the first statement is false, the second is true
Identify which one of the following is the organization that maintains records on all diseases that occur in the United States.
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention)
• OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administration)
• FDA (Food & Drug Administration)
• EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
CDC (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention)
Identify which one of the following is the test result that erroneously assigns an individual to a specific diagnostic or reference group, due to insufficient exact methods of testing: • a false negative test • a true negative test • a false positive test • a true positive test
a false positive test
Identify which one of the following is defined as the percent of persons without the disease who are correctly classified as not having the disease: • specificity • sensitivity • reliability • validity
specificity
refers to whether questions asked by the study are answered by the method?
Validity
- is the repeatability & reproducibility of test AND
* produces very similar results when used to measure a variable at different times
Reliability
percent of persons with the disease who are correctly classified as having the disease (true positive and false negative)
Sensitivity
Identify which one of the following is defined as the measure of quality of care provided in a particular setting: • quality assurance • quality control • quality assessment • quality inspection
quality assessment
Identify which TWO of the following indices were developed in an attempt to provide a standardized method of measuring periodontal disease, and, are criticized because they combine gingivitis and periodontitis measures into a common score? • PDI (periodontal disease index) • OHI-S (simplified oral hygiene index) • PI (periodontal index) • GI (gingival index)
- PDI (periodontal disease index)
* PI (periodontal index)
If the major purpose of an epidemiologist's study is to determine caries susceptibility instead of immediate treatment needs, the best caries index to use is: • TSIF • PSR • DMFT • CPITN
DMFT for teeth and DMFS for surfaces (is an irreversible index)
PI scores the plaque present according to ? at the gingival margin rather than its coronal extent as seen with the OHI-S
thickness
80-90% of children have inflammatory periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) by age of 15 and ? is the most common form
localized acute gingivitis
Identify which one of the following describes the gingival index (GI):
• reversible index
• irreversible index
reversible index
Identify which one of the following is a system where a provider of coverage contracts to pay for some of the patient's dental treatment: • first-party dentistry • second-party dentistry • third-party dentistry • fourth-party dentistry
third-party dentistry
The major objective of public health programs is: • prevention • cost efficiency • teamwork • all of the above
prevention
Fluoride supplements are available by prescription only.
Fluoride mouth rinses are the most popular school-based fluoride regimen in the United States.
• both statements are true
• both statements are false
• the first statement is true, the second is false
• the first statement is false, the second is true
both statements are true
NaF usually used for mouth rinses
most common fluoride gel which is used is ?
acidulated phosphate fluoride
In regards to reporting child abuse, a dentist is:
• morally obligated to report suspected cases
• ethically obligated to report suspected cases
• legally obligated to report suspected cases
• all of the above
all of the above
Identify which one of the following describes the proportion of existing cases of disease in a population at one point in time, or, during a specified time: • incidence • prevalence • epidemiology • frequency
prevalence (depends on both the incidence and the duration of the problem, expressed as percentage of the population)
? is the most common site of cancers of the oral cavity
the tongue
? rather than leukoplakia, may be the first sign of cancerous change in a lesion
erythroplakia
Random assignment and blinding are methods used in clinical trials to enhance study validity and ? • increase bias • decrease bias • have no change on bias • none of the above
decrease bias
The most important concept of public health as defined by C.E.A. Winslow is:
• to encourage mental and physical efficiency
• promotion of health through organized community effort
• individuals acting alone can solve any problem
• the science and art of preventing disease
promotion of health through organized community effort
As used in epidemiology, the term MORTALITY refers to: • disease • life span • death • birth
death rate
the incidence of a specific disease within a given population?
morbidity (illness)
the birth rate; ratio of births to the general population?
natality
A method of payment for dental services in which the provider is paid a fixed amount without regard to the actual number or nature of services provided to each patient is called a: • capitation fee • fixed fee • contractual fee • managed fee
capitation fee
Identify which one of the following is NOT a fundamental principle defined in the American Dental Association Code of Professional Conduct: • justice • autonomy • beneficence • maleficence • veracity
maleficence
the American Dental Association Code of Professional Conduct: • justice • autonomy • beneficence • nonmaleficence • veracity
- justice= fairness
- autonomy= self-governance
- beneficence= do good
- nonmaleficence= do no harm
- veracity= truthfulness
All of the following are true concerning the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
• a dentist cannot deny anyone care due to a disability
• dental offices must structurally allow access for the disabled
• a dentist cannot dismiss an employee due to a disability
• a person with HIV is not protected by the ADA
a person with HIV is not protected by the ADA
A descriptive epidemiological study helps to define the ? of disease in a population. • cause • cure • extent • mortality
extent
Identify which one of the following is the part of a published research study that includes the statement of intent, theory and hypothesis: • abstract • introduction & literature review • methods • results • discussion • summary & conclusion
introduction & literature review
Format of a Research Study (Title, Abstract, Introduction & literature review, Methods, Results, Discussion, Summary & Conclusion, Bibliography & References)
Identify which one of the following is described as the presentation, organization and summarization of data: • inferential statistics • descriptive statistics • informative statistics • reliability statistics
descriptive statistics
? allow someone to generalize from the sample of data to a larger group of subjects
inferential statistics
The portion of covered dental care costs for which the covered person has a financial responsibility, usually a fixed percentage is called: • copayment • coinsurance • deductible • balance billing
coinsurance (usually applies after the insured meets his/her deductible)
