pharma 3 contuib Flashcards by Hanz Myko C. DIDULO

REFERENCES ON DRUG STANDARDS

Philippine Index of Medical Specialties (PIMS)
Medimedia Index of Medical Specialties
(MIMS)
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
monographs on drug substances and dosage forms

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DRUG NOMENCLATURE
Chemical Name

first name of a drug during early stages of development
(chemical structure of the drug)

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DRUG NOMENCLATURE
Generic Name

nonproprietary name or common name

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DRUG NOMENCLATURE
Trade Name

brand name or proprietary name

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Pharmacodynamics
Primary -

intended (desirable)

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Pharmacodynamics
Secondary -

all other effects; desirable or undesirable

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engulfs the drug to carry it across the membrane

Pinocytosis

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used to transport drugs of exceptionally large size
across the cell membrane

Pinocytosis

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ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

ORAL

most common, non-invasive, practical & viable

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ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

INTRAVENOUS

drugs that cannot survive in enough quantity when
given orally

Reaches their full strength at the time of injection

More likely to cause toxic effect (↑ margin for error)

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ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

INTRAMUSCULAR

absorbed directly in the capillaries in the muscles &
sent into circulation (1 - 5cc) (site of giving?)

Takes effect faster in men than in women

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ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

SUBCUTANEOUS

small amount (0.5 - 1mL) usually in the upper arm,
abdomen, thigh
drugs move rapidly in vessels than in oral

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ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

RECTAL/VAGINAL

absorbed by the perfusion of local blood flow in the
rectum/vagina

treatment of local irritation or infection

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ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

RESPIRATORY

available in all forms that targets the lungs

mostly in gas or inhalation form or mist

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ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

BUCCAL/SUBLINGUAL & TRANSLINGUAL

common route for certain cases of emergency

drugs prevent destruction/transformation in the GI

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ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

TOPICAL

superficial or external use only
used for dermatologic, ophthalmic, otic and nasal
preparation

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ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

SPECIAL AREAS/INFUSIONS

Epidural

– injected in epidural space

Intrapleural

ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

SPECIAL AREAS/INFUSIONS

– injected in the pleural cavity

Intraperitoneal

ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

SPECIAL AREAS/INFUSIONS

– injected in the peritoneal cavity

Intraosseous

ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

SPECIAL AREAS/INFUSIONS

– injected in the rich vascular bone
network (long bone)

ADMINISTRATION AND ABSORPTION

SPECIAL AREAS/INFUSIONS

Intra-articular

– injected into a joint

Piroxicam

used to reduce pain, swelling,
and joint stiffness from arthritis

Valproic acid

Valproic acid
anticonvulsant (anti-epileptic)

High protein bound drugs – 61-89%

Erythromycin, phenytoin

Moderately protein-bound drugs – 30-60%

Aspirin, lidocaine, pindolol, theophylline

Low protein-bound drugs - <30%

amikacin, amoxicillin

first-pass effect

first-pass effect - drug gets metabolized at a specific location in the body that results in a reduced concentration of the active drug upon reaching its site of action or the systemic circulation.

Drugs subject to extensive hepatic first pass metabolism:

propofol, imipramine, morphine, propranolol, buprenorphine, diazepam, midazolam, pethidine, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), ethanol (drinking alcohol), cimetidine, lidocaine, and chlorpromazine

class of medications called tricyclic antidepressants

Imipramine

lol

beta blocker

- opioid used to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, and chronic pain

Buprenorphine

m - short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic, and amnesic properties.

Midazolam

- opioid pain-relief medicine

Pethidine -

- chemical responsible for most of marijuana's psychological effects

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) -

FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG METABOLISM

age nutrition insufficient hormones

Treatment of Anaphylaxis:

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

RELIEVES ALLERGIES

Benadryl (diphenhydramine) Claritin (loratadine) Allegra (fexofenadine) Zyrtec (cetirizine) Xyzal (levocetirizine)

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

manifested by hemolysis when aspirin, chloramphenicol, and sulfonamides are administered

ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK TREATMENT FAST

Diagnosis: FAST Facial, Airway, Stomach, Total body Treatment: Epinephrine, IM to lateral thigh Adults - 0.3-0.5 mg Children - 0.01 mg/kg (up to 0.5 mg)

ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK SYMPTOMS

bronchospasm, dyspnea, fullness of throat, cough wheezing, low BP, tachycardia, palpitations, syncope, cardiac arrest, urticaria, angioedema, pruritus sweating, V/N, abdominal pain