HEALTH CARE ETHICS (BIOETHICS) Flashcards

1
Q

Bioethics

A

deals with the application of ethico-moral and legal
concepts and principles to issues that affect the practice
of nursing

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2
Q

Nursing is not just another job, not just another way to earn
a living; Nursing is a vocation in the fullest sense of the word

A

(Dr. Reynaldo Padilla, Filipino Author of Business Ethics &
Social Responsibility)

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3
Q

Morals

A

personal beliefs/principles

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4
Q

Ethics

A

rules that the social system provides us
may vary between environments

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5
Q

ETHICS

Greek -
Latin -

A

Ethos; characteristic way of acting

Mos; morrs (way of acting)

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6
Q

IMPERATIVES OF ETHICS

The Existence of God or Supreme Being

A

– retribution

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7
Q

IMPERATIVES OF ETHICS

The Existence of Human Freedom

A

Presupposed idea – responsibility

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8
Q

IMPERATIVES OF ETHICS
The existence of afterlife – immortality

A

Postulate of ethics – immortality of the soul

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9
Q

NATURE OF ETHICS

Moral philosophy

A

morality, moral rectitude or the rightness and
wrongness of human acts

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10
Q

NATURE OF ETHICS

Practical science

A

systematized body of knowledge that can be used,
practiced, and applied to human action

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11
Q

NATURE OF ETHICS
Normative science

A

establishes norms or standards for the direction and
regulation of human actions

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12
Q

NATURE OF ETHICS

Philosophical science

A

deals with the study of the morality of human acts or
human conduct

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13
Q

NATURE OF ETHICS
Philosophical science

A

deals with the study of the morality of human acts or
human conduct

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14
Q

Bioethics began to be discussed in the

A

1960s

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15
Q

Bioethics
The term was originally coined in

A

America

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16
Q

cancer researcher, claims to
have invented the word in a book entitled Bioethics:
Bridge to the Future

A

Van Rensselaer Potter

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17
Q

Van Rensselaer Potter a cancer researcher, claims to
have invented the word in a book entitled

A

Bioethics:
Bridge to the Future.

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18
Q

Etymologically, bioethics means

A

“ethics of life.”

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19
Q

branch of applied ethics which investigates practices
and developments in the life sciences and/or
biomedical fields

A

bioethics

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20
Q

Health Ethics

A

science that deals with the study of morality of human
conduct concerning health and health care

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21
Q

Professional Ethics

A

branch of moral science which treats of the
obligations which a member of a profession owes to
the public, to his/her profession, and to his/her clients

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22
Q

Macro allocation

A

(which program receives the funds)

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23
Q

micro allocation

A

(which patient receives the aid
in the predominant poverty of developing countries
create no-win situations.

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24
Q

is a society where people from different backgrounds, religions, cultures, and beliefs live and interact together.

A

A pluralistic community

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25
Q

the quality of human acts by which we call some of
these acts evil, the quality of goodness or badness of
human acts

A

MORALITY

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26
Q

Right or wrong

A

which is morally binding or obligatory

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27
Q

Good or bad

A

which is in conformity or not with goa

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28
Q

Moral

A

designed to teach goodness or correctness of character
and behavior

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29
Q

Immoral

A

contrary to established morality

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30
Q

Amoral

A

having no moral sense
being indifferent to right and wrong

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31
Q

Non-moral

A

out of the realm of morality

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32
Q

All of morality aims at the same thing but there are
several basic ways to get there. If you prefer, each
approach is like a different tool—a pen, a paper, an
idea that needs to be written. Using the right tool for
the right job makes it easier to do your work.

-?

A

Arthur Dobrin

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33
Q

St. Paul talks about it in:

A

1 Corinthians 12:12-27
One Body but Many Parts all working together for the
good of the body, mind and spirit

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34
Q

metaphysics of morality

A

(what makes an action morally right
or wrong)

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35
Q

epistemology of morality

A

( an account of
how we know an action is morally right or wrong)

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36
Q

THEORIES OF ETHICS
Deontology

A

according to which the right action is the action that is
performed out of duty (or reverence for the moral law)

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37
Q

Deontology
derived from the Greek __and logos, “

A

deon, “duty,” science”

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38
Q

Teleology derived from 2 Greek words

A

telos (end, goal, purpose)
logos (science/reason/explanation)

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39
Q

first great philosopher to define deontological
principles (the 18th-century German)

A

Immanuel Kant

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40
Q

Teleology

A

account of a given thing’s purpose

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41
Q

Also called consequential ethics

A

Teleology

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42
Q
  • Framer of Teleology
A

Aristotle -

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43
Q

Duty Theory

A

DEONTOLOGICAL THEORY

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44
Q

Utilitarianism in ___, coined by ____

A

1781, Jeremy Bentham

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45
Q

they gave an alternative formulation of
the utilitarian utility principle, known as the principle
of the greatest happiness

A

Bentham and Mill

46
Q

Philosophers of utilitarianism

A

David Hume
Jeremy Bentham
John Stuart Mill

47
Q

Beauchamp & Mc Cullough on their book Medical
Ethics (1984) described these Intrinsic Factors

A

health (prevention, elimination, or control of
diseases)
relief from unnecessary pain and suffering
amelioration of disabling conditions
prolongation of life

48
Q

7 CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING
THE LEVEL OF UTILITY

A

Intensity – How intense was the pleasure?
Duration – How long does the pleasure last?
Certainty – How certain are you that the pleasure will
occur?
Proximity – How soon will the pleasure be
experienced?
Fecundity – How many more pleasures will happen as
a result of this one?
Purity – How free from pain is this pleasure?
Extent – How many will experience the pleasure?

49
Q

UTILITARIANISM IN HEALTH & NURSING CARE

Expressed in the ICN code of Ethics in 4 areas:

A

promotion of health
prevention of illness,
restoration of health
alleviation of suffering

50
Q

Triage – (by 3’s for medical emergencies) a specific
policy
Wherein the victims will be divided into categories.

A

Those who must be left to die because they
are beyond help
Those who can wait for treatment later
Those who are attended first because they
needed treatment urgently and stand to benefit
from it

51
Q

“Nobody would call a man just who does not enjoy acting
justly, nor generous who does not enjoy generous actions,
and so on..”

A

.(Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics).

52
Q

In posing the problem Aristotle is following not duty or
consequence-oriented traditions but a third path known
as

A

aretaic ethics

53
Q

aretaic ethics from the Greek word

A

-arete (meaning virtue or
excellence).

54
Q

known as Character Ethics

A

Virtue Ethics

55
Q

aretaic ethics

Philosophers

A

Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
Alasdair MacIntyre (1929)

56
Q

Profession comes from the Latin word “profession”

A

which means a public declaration with the force of a
promise.

57
Q

CORE VALUES OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE

A

Altruism
Accountability
Excellence
Duty
Honor & integrity
Respect for others

58
Q

CORE VALUES OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE
Altruism

A

– obligated to attend to the best interest of
patients rather than self interest

59
Q

Accountability –

A

accountable to their patients, to
society on issues of public health and to their
profession

60
Q

Excellence

A

obligated to make a commitment to lifelong learning

61
Q

Duty

A

– should be available and responsive,
accepting a commitment to service within the
profession and the community

62
Q

Honor & integrity

A

– should be committed to being
fair, truthful and straightforward in their interactions
with patients and the profession

63
Q

Respect for others

A

– should demonstrate respect for
patients and their families and to the other members
of the team

64
Q

HIERARCHY OF REASONING BY VALUES

A

WORLD VIEW
BASIC PRINCIPLES
RULES CODES
DECISIONS

65
Q

AUTONOMY From Greek word

A

autos - self and nomos - governance

66
Q

AUTONOMY
Synonymous with

A

self-determination

67
Q

Paternalism

A

intentional limitation of the autonomy of one person by
another

68
Q

BASIC RIGHT OF THE PATIENT

A

Right to information
Right to make decisions about one’s own
care/autonomy
Right to privacy and confidentiality
Right to quality care

69
Q

Legally Authorized Representative (LAR)

A

An individual or judicial, or other body authorized
under applicable law to grant permission on behalf
of a prospective participant for their participation in
research activities

70
Q

Surrogate consent was previously referred to as

A

“proxy consent”

71
Q

in which the practitioner is
allowed to intentionally withhold information based on
his sound medical judgment that to divulge the
information might potentially harm a depressed and
unstable patient.

A

benevolent deception

72
Q

Natural secret

A

must remain hidden even if there is no obligation or
promise to keep it that way, for the revelation of it
could harm the individual or society

73
Q

Promised secret

A

a person confides to another in exchange of a
promise not to reveal it to others

74
Q

Confided secret

A

confided to another person only after that person
has made the commitment that it will not be made
known to others

75
Q

VERACITY

A

or Truth Telling

76
Q

VERACITY Lain ___ means

A

“vera”,. truth

77
Q

fiduciary (ethical) relationship, thus patients have a right
to expect a

A

higher level of truthfulness from us than with
others

78
Q

FIDELITY Latin word

A

fideles meaning “faithful”

79
Q

FIDELITY

A

Duty or obligation to be faithful to agreements,
responsibilities and commitments that are made to
oneself and to others

80
Q

the most important of the ethical principles because it
governs the other 6.

81
Q

JUSTICE from Latin

A

justitia, “righteousness, equity”

82
Q

JUSTICE

A

duty to treat all patients fairly, without regard to age,
socioeconomic status, or other variables

83
Q

Distributive Justice

A

Requires an equitable distance of benefits and
burdens

Equitable means that the amount will vary according
to different levels of need or merit given the situation,
as in prioritizing

84
Q

Compensatory Justice

A

Concerns compensation for wrongs that has been
done

85
Q

Procedural Justice

A

Arise in processes that requires ordering
the idea of fairness in the processes that resolve
disputes and allocate resources.
One aspect of procedural justice is related to
discussions of the administration of justice and legal
proceedings

86
Q

Retributive Justice

A

theory of punishment that when an offender breaks
the law, justice requires that they suffer in return, and
that the response to a crime is proportional to the
offence.
An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth
equal suffering
not suitable for health care

87
Q

Social utility

A

a service, or characteristic, that benefits the majority of
population of any given society

88
Q

BENEFICENCE Latin word

A

benefactum, “good deed”

89
Q

BENEFICENCE

A

Acts of mercy and charity
Prevent harm: remove harm when it is being inflicted:
bring about positive good
Duty to promote the health and welfare of the patient
above other considerations, while honoring autonomy

90
Q

PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT

A

Good effect outweighs or is equal to bad effect

91
Q

euthanasia,

A

is the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering. Different countries have different euthanasia laws.

92
Q

also known as the Principle of Material Cooperation

A

PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMATE COOPERATION

93
Q

comprehensively explains what it means to cooperate or
participate in evil in a morally acceptable way

A

PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMATE COOPERATION

94
Q

Material cooperation
2 types:

Immediate

A
  • participating in a way that
    completes the act
95
Q

Material cooperation
2 types:
Mediate

A

participating in a way that’s not
essential to the act

96
Q

Material cooperation

A

You do not share the other person’s evil intent, but
you still cooperate.

97
Q

Formal Cooperation

A

Agent or person or organization identifies itself
with purpose of the act or intention

98
Q

Positive Cooperation

A

voluntarily doing an act which contributes to the evil
act of another.
A nurse assists an obstetrician perform an abortion is
committing positive cooperation

99
Q

Negative Cooperation

A

the person did not do anything to
prevent another from committing an evil act.
A nurse saw another nurse stealing medical supplies
but did not do anything

100
Q

Direct Cooperation

A

a person’s cooperation occur while the act is being
performed
A nurse acts as a “watch” while the doctor injects a
fatal dose of sedative to an unconscious patient

101
Q

Indirect Cooperation

A

committed before or after the evil act, however the
cooperation is not necessary to the evil act itself
A nurse destroys all evidence of an abortion although
did not assist while the abortion was being
performed.

102
Q

PRINCIPLE OF COMMON GOOD AND SUBSIDIARITY

A

Common Good as “the sum total of social conditions
which allows people, either as groups or as individuals, to
reach their fulfilment more fully and more easily.”

103
Q

Subsidiarity

A

Every task of society should be assigned to the smallest
possible group that can perform it. Only if the smaller
group is unable to resolve the problem itself should a
group at a higher level assume responsibility. This idea is
summed up in the principle of subsidiarity

104
Q

PRINCIPLES OF STEWARDSHIP from Old English

A

stig meaning house, + weard = steward –
meaning housekeeper or guardian

105
Q

Steward

A

a person whose job is to manage the land and property
of another person

106
Q

SOCIAL STEWARDSHIP

A

Impacting the community

107
Q

Ecological (Environmental) Stewardship

A

refers to the responsible use and protection of the natural environment through conservation, sustainable practices, and ethical decision-making. It involves taking care of natural resources to ensure a healthy planet for future generations.

108
Q

BIOMEDICAL STEWARDSHIP

A

thical and responsible use of medical resources, technologies, and treatments to improve healthcare while ensuring sustainability, safety, and fairness.

109
Q

PRINCIPLE OF TOTALITY & ITS INTEGRITY

A

The human body is an integral part of the human person
and therefore worthy of human dignity
it must be kept whole

no body part should be removed, mangled or debilitated
unless doing so is necessary for the health of a more
essential body part or the body of a whole

110
Q

PRINCIPLE OF ORDINARY
& EXTRAORDINARY MEANS

Ordinary measure

A

directly available and can be applied without incurring
severe pain
costs or other inconveniences, but which give the patient
in question justified hope for a commensurate
improvement in his health.
obligatory

111
Q

PRINCIPLE OF ORDINARY
& EXTRAORDINARY MEANS

A

cannot be applied without incurring severe pain
costs or other inconveniences
their application, however, would not give the patient
any justified hope for a commensurate improvement in
his health
Not morally obligatory