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1
Q

INFORMATICS
* Interdisciplinary field that draws from, and
contributes to:

A

– Computer science
– Decision science
– Information science
– Management science
– Cognitive science
– Organizational theory

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2
Q
  • Health informatics encompasses:
A

– Translational bioinformatics
– Clinical research informatics
– Clinical informatics
– Consumer health informatics
– Public health informatics

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3
Q

Relevance of Informatics for Healthcare

A

a) Knowledge work
b) Structures to support meaningful use of data
c) Evidence-based practice (EBP)
d) Big data and big data analytics
e) Increased prevalence of technology in care
settings
f) Healthcare reform
g) The push for patient safety and quality

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4
Q

what is
A. Knowledge Work

A

Nurses have a long tradition of gathering
data.
a. The data are used to create information
and knowledge

Wisdom: when previous knowledge and
experience are applied appropriately to take
action or intervene.

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5
Q

Nurse as knowledge worker
what is the RNs role in patient care:

A

Data gathering
Information user
Knowledge user
Knowledge builder

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6
Q

Nurse as knowledge worker|

Information management in health care
what are these?

A

-Can support efforts of nurses and health care team in the care of patient

-Good information is essential in caring for patients.
Innacurate data leads to medical error

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7
Q

Structures to support meaningful use of
Data

what is a Structured data

A

Structured data fits into predetermined
classifications that can be easily quantified.

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7
Q

Structures to support meaningful use of
Data

Literature databases for healthcare include:

A

– MEDLINE
– EBSCO
– Ovid
– ProQuest
– CINAHL
– Cochrane Library

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8
Q

D. Big Data and Big Data Analytics

A

Big data are very large data sets that are
beyond human capability to manage or analyze
without information technology

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9
Q

Structures to support meaningful use of
Data

what is a Standardized data

A

Standardized data can be analyzed using
qualitative or quantitative methods

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9
Q

C. Evidence-based Practice (EBP)

A

Entails using the best evidence for patient-care
decisions
 Requires critical thought processes
 Provides the foundation for clinical practice
guidelines and clinical decision-support tools

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10
Q

Analysis of big data is called__
and this do:

A

Analytics

Looks for patterns
o Uses models
o Recommends actions

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11
Q

Healthcare Reform

A

Many drivers
o Safety and quality
o Transparency
o Cost
o Rise of consumerism
 A learning healthcare system and healthcare
reform are intricately linked.

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11
Q

F. The Push for Patient Safety and Quality
Steps to prevent errors include:

A

Checklists to prevent slips and
lapses
- Tools, such as hand-off tools, to
improve communication
- Automation where possible
- Simplification, organization, and
standardization

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12
Q

Nursing theory

A

Nursing theory is a conceptualization of
some aspect of nursing reality
communicated for the purpose of
describing phenomena, explaining
relationships between phenomena,
predicting consequences, or prescribing
nursing care.”
– Afaf I. M

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12
Q

Nursing Informatics

A

Is the specialty that integrates nursing science
with multiple information and analytical sciences

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13
Q

One way to classify nursing theories is into

A

grand, middle-range, and situation-specific
theories.

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13
Q

what are grand, middle-range, and situation-specific
theories.

A

Grand theory: Orem’s theory of
self-care (first published around
1950)
– Middle-range theory: theory of
self-care among individuals with
chronic illness (Riegal et al.,
2012)
– Situation-specific theory: theory
of heart failure self-care (Riegel
et al., 2013)

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14
Q

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory
Self-Care Theory

A

focuses on each “individual’s ability to perform
self-care, defined as ‘the practice of activities
that individuals initiate and perform on their own
behalf in maintaining life, health, and wellbeing.’”

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15
Q

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory
Self-Care Theory
three interrelated theories:

A

(1) the theory of self-care,
(2) the self-care deficit theory, and
(3) the theory of nursing systems, which is further
classified into wholly compensatory, partially
compensatory and supportive-educative.

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16
Q

Middle-range theory: theory of self-care among
individuals with chronic illness

A

explains how people manage their long-term health conditions.

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17
Q

A Situation-Specific Theory of Heart Failure SelfCare

A

practice theories that give a description,
explanation, and understanding of nursing
phenomena
* three major concepts:
– self-care maintenance
– symptom perception
– self-care management

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18
Q

A central theory is the

A

data, information,
knowledge, and wisdom (DIKW) theory.

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19
Q

Critical Theories Supporting Informatics

A
  • A central theory is the data, information,
    knowledge, and wisdom (DIKW) theory

Additional theories and sciences include
communication theory, information sciences,
computer science, group dynamics, change
theories, organizational behavior, learning
theories, management science, and systems
theory.

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20
The Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom (DIKW) Theory
A critical theory supporting informatics First adapted to nursing in “The Study of Nursing Informatics”
21
The Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom (DIKW) Theory Central concepts
Data: The most discrete components – Information: Data + meaning – Knowledge: Information that has been processed and organized so that relations and interactions are identified. – Wisdom: Appropriate use of knowledge to manage and solve human problems
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EXAMPLES OF DIKW DATA
one individuals vital signs heart rate respiration temperature bp
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information vs knowledge Information
serial set of vital signs taken ovet time, placed into a context and used for longitudinal comparison
24
information vs knowledge Knowledge
Reecognition of a pattern and identification of interventions reflects information synthesis ( knowledge) based on nursing knowledge and experience
25
Good information management provides the ----
right information at the right time to the right people
26
Knowledge management ---
creates systems that enable organization to tap into the knowledge, experiences, and creativity of their staff to improve their performance---
27
Knowledge is constructed of three knowledges, complexity;
rich factual knowledge, rich procedural knowledge and lifespan contextualism
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Difference between knowledge and wisdom
-knowledge focuses on what is known -wisdom focuses on the appropriate application of that knowledge to human problems
27
Other Critical Theories Supporting Informatics
Information communication theory * Information sciences * Computer science * Group dynamics * Change theories
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Information Communication Model
The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point, either exactly or approximately, a message selected at another point.” Sender to Medium (noise and distortion) to Reciever Encoder and Decoder Focus – analyze information transfer and communication effectiveness and efficiency
29
Information Sciences
Exploitation of scientific and technical information of all kinds and by all means Application of science and technology to general information handling Branches: → Information retrieval → Human-computer interaction → Information handling within a system
30
Computer Science
Engineering and technology of hardware, software, and communications. Includes aspects of information and cognitive science
31
Group Dynamics
→ Focuses on the nature of groups. → Influence of a group may rapidly become strong, influencing or overwhelming individual proclivities and actions. → Within every organization, there are formal and informal group pressures.
32
Change Theories
→ Change in people or social systems, such as healthcare organizations. → Informatics specialists are change agents. → Seek to manage impact of IS to yield positive results. → Two perspectives.
33
Organizational Behavior
Focuses on small groups and individuals within organizations Organizational health requires a balance among participants of; → Autonomy → Control → Cooperation * Guides plans for system implementation.
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Learning Theories
Changes in knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values. Moe than 50 major theories of learning. * Types of Theories → Behavioral → Cognitive → Adult learning → Learning styles
35
Management Science
Use mathematics and other analytical methods to help make better decisions of all kinds, including clinical decision support applications. Methods: → Forecasting → Decision analysis → Inventory models → Linear programming → Graph theory and networking problems → Queuing theory and waiting line problems → Simulation
36
Systems Theory
Studies the properties of systems as a whole. Focuses on the organization and interdependence of relationships. Boundaries: → Open → Closed Systems are constantly changing: → Dynamic homeostasis → Entropy → Negentropy → Specialization → Reverberation → Equifinality
37
Open Source and Free Software Data Assessment Free and open-source software (FOSS)
- is a term used to refer to groups of software consisting of both free software and open-source software where anyone is freely licensed to use, copy, study, and change the software in any way, and the source code is openly shared.
38
Open Source and Free Software Data Assessment A data quality assessment -
- is done by measuring particular features of the data to see if they meet defined standards. Each such feature is called a “data quality dimension,” and is rated according to a relevant metric that provides an objective assessment of quality
39
PERSONAL INFORMATICS (PI)-
systems allow users to collect and review personally relevant information
40
PROFESSIONAL INFORMATICS OR HEALTH INFORMATICS (HI)
professionals are tasked with the important responsibilities of obtaining, storing, organizing manage and utilize data for the purpose of improving the services provided by the healthcare industry especially for patient care.
41
EDUCATIONAL INFORMATICS-
educators and trainers manage, evaluate, report, and utilize data and information related to the specific learner and the educational delivery system informatics
42
Internet Applications
An Internet application is a client/server application that uses standard Internet protocols for connecting the client to the server
43
The Internet has many important applications. Of the various services available via the Internet, the three most important are
e-mail, web browsing, and peer-to-peer services
44
is the most widely used and successful of Internet application
E-mail,
45
is the application that had the greatest influence in dramatic expansion of the Internet and its use during the 1990s
Web browsing
46
the most controversial, because its uses have created problems related to the access and use of copyrighted materials
. Peer-to-peer networking
47
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and Wireless Devices
is a term for a small, mobile, handheld device that provides computing and information storage and retrieval capabilities for personal or business use, often for keeping schedules, calendars and address book information handy
48
Emails, Bookmarks
Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages ("mail") between people using electronic devices. Bookmarks is used to save shortcuts to your favorite webpages and navigate to them in seconds from anywhere
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Wireless Phones
A telephone in which the handset is portable and communicates with the body of the phone by radio, instead of being attached by a cord
51
Two-way Video Teleconferencing
Combines audio and video to provide voice communications and video images
52
Facetime
Is a proprietary video telephony product developed by Apple Inc.
53
Text Messaging
Text messaging, or texting, is the act of composing and sending electronic messages, typically consisting of alphabetic and numeric characters
54
Twitter, Google, Internet, Facebook Web 2.0, blogs, wikis
Web 2.0 (also known as participative (or participatory) web and social web) refers to websites that emphasize user-generated content, ease of use, participatory culture and interoperability (i.e., compatibility with other products, systems, and devices) for end users
55
Ways to Address “Downtime
It’s inevitable that your internet connection won’t always be as stable as you want it to be – especially during times of natural disaster, an issue with your internet service provider, or something completely unexpected. Invest in a backup connection Have offline copies of your work Make the necessary preparations
56
Cognitive Informatics (CI)
CI is an emerging transdisciplinary field that attempts to bridge the gap of understanding how information is processed in the mind and in the computer
57
Cognitive Informatics (CI) ______ theories can be applied to help understand the information processing of the brain. ________ sciences can be applied to build more efficient computer processing systems.
Computing and informatics Cognitive and neurologic
58
Artificial Intelligence
Refers to the simulation or approximation of human intelligence in machines.
59
The goals of artificial intelligence include
computer-enhanced learning, reasoning, and perception
60
____ is a deceptively simple method of determining whether a machine can demonstrate human intelligence
The Turing Test
61
Examples of AI use in health care include
diagnostic technologies and clinical decision support
62
Augmented Intelligence
Recognition that AI will not replace human intelligence in health care Health care is complex Strong emotional component Emphasizes the assistive role of AI in enhancing human intelligence
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will continue to evolve to help us build knowledge and wisdom.
Cognitive science, cognitive informatics, and artificial intelligence
64
Computer Generated Nursing Care Plans
These NCPs are products of nursing informatics systems capable of comparing actual assessment findings of a patient entered to the system versus a preset database/programs that has built in care plans
65
Critical Pathways
Clinical pathways and care plans directly relate to clinical/EHR/EMR systems linked with patient administration and any nursing/allied health/medical, diagnostic and therapeutic services workload systems. Outcome reporting should include; patient outcomes (complications, the patients response to treatments/care and the impact of co-morbidities/pre-existing conditions), clinical protocol variances and their impact, other system/organizational/social factors and their impact and variances to the pre-set length of stay.
66
Clinical Guidelines
Clinical practice guidelines are statements that include recommendations intended to optimize patient care that are informed by a systematic review of evidence and an assessment of the benefits and harms of alternative care options.
67
E-journals
is an online collection of academic publications of different higher education institutions and professional organizations.
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