Pharma Flashcards
What is the physiologic inhibitor of prolactin release?
dopamine
What are the clinical applications and toxicities of oxytocin?
begin or improve contractions during labor
reduce bleeding after childbirth.
end a pregnancy
Oxytocin has antidiuretic properties, thus, high daily doses (as a single dose or administered slowly over 24 hours) may lead to extreme water intoxication resulting in maternal seizures, coma, and even death
What does tocolytic mean?
drug used to suppress preterm labor
What are long-acting synthetic of somatostatin and their clinical uses?
octreotide & Lanreotide → used to treat acromegaly, carcinoid, gastrinoma, glucagonoma & other endocrine tumors
What are the clinical uses and adverse effects of GnRH analogues?
Uses of GnRH Analogues Prostatic carcinoma Precocious puberty Breast cancer in premenopausal women Uterine fibroid, endometriosis Polycystic ovarian disease Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in assisted reproduction Adverse effects; hot flushes, loss of libido and vaginal dryness can occur
What are the clinical uses of vasopressin analogs?
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What are vasopressin receptor antagonist and their clinical uses?
antagonists of vasopressin receptors (eg, conivaptan, tolvaptan);
developed to offset the fluid retention that
results from the excessive production of vasopressin excessive vasopressin is associated with hyponatremia or acute heart failure
Which drugs are used in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism?
The iodine-containing antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone → can cause hypothyroidism through its ability to block peripheral conversion of T4 to T3
It also can cause hyperthyroidism through; an iodine-induced mechanism in persons with an underlying thyroid disease such as multinodular goiter an inflammatory mechanism that causes leakage of thyroid hormone into the circulation. iodine-associated hyperthyroidism caused by amiodarone is treated with thioamides, the inflammatory version is best treated with corticosteroids
What is cretinism, myxedema, thyrotoxicosis?
Cretinism is a type of hypothyroidism that affects youngsters
Myxoedema is caused by a thyroid hormone deficit in adults.
Hyperthyroidism is characterised by increased thyroid hormone synthesis
and secretion from the thyroid gland, whereas Thyrotoxicosis is the clinical
state associated with excess thyroid hormone activity
Toxicity →thyrotoxicosis
What is thyroglobulin and thyroxine-binding globulin?
Thyroglobulin is stored as colloid in thyroid follicles and undergoes proteolysis to release T4 and T3 when stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin.
Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) is a protein that’s produced by the liver. Its purpose is to bind to the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Which receptors are responsible for TH actions?
THs → intracellular receptors, control expression of genes responsible for many metabolic processes.
What are the differences of T3 and T4?
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What are thioamides, which of them is a prodrug?
methimazole & propylthiouracil (PTU) are small sulfur- containing thioamides
Do they (thioamides) inhibit release of preformed thyroid hormones?
Not inhibit the release of preformed thyroid hormone
What is their onset of action for full effect?
Their onset of activity is usually slow, often requiring 3–4 weeks for full effect.
What are iodide salts and used for?
Iodide salts; inhibit iodination of tyrosine & thyroid hormone releas ↓size and vascularity of hyperplastic thyroid gland. used in the management of thyroid storm used to prepare patients for surgical resection of a hyperactive thyroid.
Which drug produce a permanent cure of thyrotoxicosis without surgery?
An effective dose of Radioactive iodine I can produce a permanent cure of thyrotoxicosis without surgery.
Which steroid hormones are produced by adrenal cortex?
The corticosteroids are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.
(Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids)
What is the classification of drugs of corticosteroid agonist and antagonists? Give example to
each
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What are the important effects of corticosteroids?
Corticosteroids enter the cell and bind to cytosolic receptors that transport the steroid into the nucleus Corticosteroids are two:
Glucocorticoids: have important effects on;
carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, catabolism, immune responses inflammation
Mineralocorticoids: regulate sodium & potassium
reabsorption in the collecting tubules of the kidney
Which corticosteroid has the highest anti-inflammatory activity?
Dexamethsone is the most potent antiinflammatory
Which corticosteroid has the highest salt-retaining activity?
