PHARM GROUP 8

Question 1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF HTN BASED ON BP READINGS

Answer 1

NRM BP: 90-119/ 60-79
PRE-HTN: 120-139/ 80-89
STAGE 1 HTN: 140-159/90-99
STAGE 2 HTN: > OR = 160/ > OR = 100
ISOLATED SYSTOLIC HTN: > OR = 140/ <90

Question 2

COMMON CAUSES OF SECONDARY HTN

Answer 2

RENAL DISORDERS
- DISEASES LIKE CKD OR RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS

ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
- SUCH AS HYPERALDOSTERONISM, CUSHINGS SYNDROME, PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA, AND THYROID ABNORMALITIES

Question 3

COMMON ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION DRUGS LIKE SILDENAFIL ?

Answer 3

• HYPOTENSION
• HEADACHE
• DYSPEPSIA
• PRIAPISM (PROLONGED ERECTION)
• VISUAL LOSS

Question 4

MAIN INDICATIONS FOR LOOP DIURETICS

Answer 4

• MANAGEMENT OF EDEMA ASSOCIATED WITH CHF
• CONTROL OF HTN
• INCREASED RENAL EXCRETION OF CALCIUM IN HYPERCALCEMIA

Question 5

GABAPENTIN

Answer 5

• MAY RELIEVE VASOMOTOR SYMPTOMS
• SHOULD BE LIMITED TO THOSE WHO CANNOT TAKE HRT
• MAY CAUSE DROWSINESS

Question 6

CONTRACEPTIVE CYCLE MANAGEMENT

Answer 6

21/7 REGIMEN:
- 21 DAYS OF ACTIVE PILLS, FOLLOWED BY 7 DAYS OF INACTIVE OR PLACEBO PILLS

EXTENDED CYCLE PRODUCTS (LOESTRIN 24, YAZ, BEYAZ):
- SHORTENED PERIOD OF INACTIVE PILLS TO REDUCE WITHDRAWAL BLEEDING

CONTINUOUS DOSING (SEASONALE; JOLESSA):
- 91 DAY REGIMEN WITH 84 DAYS ACTIVE, 7 DAYS OFF (4 WITHDRAWALS PER YEAR)
- LYBREL: 28 DAY CYCLE WITH NO WITHDRAWAL BLEEDING

Question 7

WHAT IS A MAJOR CONCERN WHEN USING BETA BLOCKERS IN BLACK PEOPLE ?

Answer 7

BETA BLOCKERS ARE LESS EFFECTIVE AS MONOTHERAPY IN BLACK PEOPLE SO THEYRE OFTEN COMBINED WITH A DIURETIC FOR BETTER EFFICACY

Question 8

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ACETOZOLAMIDE (DIAMOX)

Answer 8

• METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
• HYPOKALEMIA
• DROWSINESS
• PARESTHESIA
• HEMATURIA
• PHOTOSENSITIVITY

Question 9

INDICATIONS FOR BETA BLOCKERS

Answer 9

MI
ANGINA
CARDIAC DYSRHYTMIAS
HTN
HEART FAILURE
MIGRAINES

Question 10

WHAT ARE CENTRALLY ACTING ALPHA-2 AGONISTS AND GIVE 2 EXAMPLES

Answer 10

REDUCE BP BY DECREASING SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW

EXAMPLES…
CLONIDINE (CATPRES)
METHYLDOPA (ALDOMET)

Question 11

COMMON INDICATIONS FOR ATROPINE AND WHY IS IT CONTRAINDICATED IN GLAUCOMA ?

Answer 11

ATROPINE IS USED TO TREAT SYMPTOMATIC BRADYCARDIA, PREOPERATIVE SECRETIONS CONTROL, AND ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING

IT IS CONTRAINDICATED IN GLAUCOMA DUE TO ITS PPUPIL DILATING EFFECT WHICH INCREASES INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE `

Question 12

WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE KIDNEYS ?

Answer 12

NEPHRON

Question 13

WHAT IS HTN AND WHAT ARE ITS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA ?

Answer 13

CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENTLY ELEVATED BP

DIAGNOSED WHEN…
SYSTOLIC BP = > 140
DIASTOLIC BP = > 90

Question 14

WHAT ARE THE COMMON ALPHA- BLOCKERS AND THEIR USES ?

Answer 14

DOXAZOSIN, PRAZOSIN, TERAZOSIN (AFFECT PROSTATE AND BP)

USES
- TREAT HTN, BPH. AND RAYNAUDS DISEASE

Question 15

HOW DO CARBONIC ANYHDRASE INHIBITORS (CAI’S) WORK ?

Answer 15

CAI’S INHIBIT THE ACTIVITY OF CARBONIC ANYDRASE IN THE PROXIMAL TUBULE, REDUCING THE FORMATION OF HYDROGENS AND BICARB FROM CARBONIC ACID AND WATER, CAUSING REVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY

Question 16

CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR THE USE OF BETHANECHOL

Answer 16

• INTESTINAL OR URINARY OBSTRUCTION
• SEVERE BRADYCARDIA
• HYPOTENSION
• PEPTIC ULCER
• ASTHMA
• COPD
• PARKINSONISM

Question 17

WHAT DO SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS MIMIC ?

Answer 17

THE EFFECTS OF THE CATECHOLAMINES NOREPINPINEPHRINE, EPINEPHRINE, AND DOPAMINE

Question 18

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY EFFECT OF THE SNS ON THE BODY ?

Answer 18

PRIMARY EFFECT IS ON THE HEART AND LUNGS, PROMOTING “FIGHT OR FLIGHT” RESPONSES, INCLUDING RAISING HR, CONTRACTILITY, AND DILATED PUPILS.

IT CAN INCREASE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE, WHICH IS CONTRAINDICATED FOR GLAUCOMA PATIENTS

Question 19

CLONIDINE

Answer 19

REDUCES VASOMOTOR SYMPTOMS AND HAS A SEDATIVE EFFECT

REQUIRES MONITORING OF BP

Question 20

WHAT ARE THE HIDDEN EFFECTS OF SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS ?

Answer 20

1. BRAIN PREPARES BODY FOR ACTION
2. ADRENALINE IS RELEASED FOR FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
3. BP RISES
4. LIVER RELEASES GLUCOSE FOR ENERGY
5. DIGESTION SLOWS/STOPS
6. SPHINCTERS CLOSE AND RELAX
7. CORTISOL IS RELEASED, DEPRESSING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM