PHARM GROUP 4 Flashcards

1
Q

HOW DO DIURETICS AFFECT KIDNEY FUNCTION ?

A

DIURETICS INFLUENCE THE KIDNEY BY AFFECTING THE BALANCE OF ECF, REDUCING BP AND DECREASING EDEMA

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2
Q

HOW IS SCOPALAMINE USED AND WHAT ARE ITS SIDE EFFECTS ?

A

USED TO PREVENT MOTION SICKNESS AND NAUSEA WITH A TRANSDERMAL PATCH

SIDE EFFECTS
- DRY MOUTH
- BLURRED VISION
- CONSTIPATION
- URINARY RETENTION

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3
Q

HOW DOES FINASTERIDE (PROSCAR) WORK IN TREATING BPH, AND WHAT ADDITIONAL EFFECTS DOES IT HAVE ?

A

FINASTERIDE REDUCES PROSTATE SIZE BY INHIBITING THE ENZYME THAT CONVERTS TESTOSTERONE TO DHT, EASING URINE PASSAGE.
IT MAY ALSO PROMOTE HAIR GROWTH IN MEN

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4
Q

ESTROGEN

A

TYPES:
ESTRADIOL - PREFERRED FOR MOST FORMULATION DUE TO ITS EFFICACY AND SAFETY PROFILE

MESTRANOL - LESS COMMONLY USED IN SOME OLDER FORMULATIONS

DOSING:
- LOWER ESTROGEN DOSES ARE GENERALLY PREFERRED TO MINIMIZE RISKS SUCH AS MI, VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM (VTE), AND STROKES
- REGULAR MONITORING FOR THE SIGNS OF THROMBOEMBOLIC EVENTS IS CRUCIAL

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5
Q

CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR USING LOOP DIURETICS

A
  • DRUG ALLERGY
  • HEPATIC COMA
  • SEVERE ELECTROLYTE LOSS
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6
Q

PREMARIN (CONJUGATED ESTROGEN)

A

ADVERSE EFFECTS:

MOST SERIOUS:
THROMBOEMBOLIC EVENTS EX) DVT, STROKE

COMMON:
NAUSEA, DIARRHEA, VOMITING, CONSTIPATION, PHOTOSENSITIVITY, HTN, THROMBOPHLEBITIS, AMENORRHEA, BREAKTHROUGH BLEEDING, CHLOASMA, HIRSUTISM, ALOPECIA, TENDER BREASTS, FLUID RETENTION, HEADACHE

DRUG INTERACTIONS:
- DECREASES ACTIVITY OF ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
- CONCURRENT USE WITH RIFAMPIN AND ST. JOHNS WORT CAN DECREASE EFFECTIVENESS
- CONCURRENT USE WITH TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS (TCA) CAN INCREASE TCA TOXICITY
- SMOKING INCREASES THE RISK OF THROMBOSIS

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7
Q

ESTRADIOL TRANSDERMAL SYSTEM
CONTRAINDICATIONS

A
  • HISTORY OF BREAST CANCER
  • UNDIAGNOSED VAGINAL BLEEDING
  • HYPERSENSITIVITY TO ESTROGEN
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8
Q

WHAT IS SECONDARY HTN AND WHAT PERCENTAGE OF HTN CASES DOES IT ACCOUNT FOR ?

A

CAUSED BY AN UNDERLYING MEDICAL CONDITION

ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT 10% OF ALL HTN CASES

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9
Q

CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR SPIRONOLACTONE

A
  • SEVERE KIDNEY DISEASE
  • SEVERE HYPERKALEMIA
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10
Q

MAJOR RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING ESSENTIAL HTN ?

A

FAMILY HISTORY: A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO HTN

HYPERLIPIDEMIA: HIGH CHOLESTEROL LEVELS CAN CAUSE ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHICH INCREASE BP

DIABETES: AFFECTS BLOOD VESSEL HEALTH AND INCREASES BP

ETHNICITY: BLACK PEOPLE ARE AT A HIGHER RISK FOR HTN

OBESITY: LEADS TO INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT AND VASCULAR RESISTANCE

AGING: BLOOD VESSELS STIFFEN WITH AGE, WHICH INCREASE BP

STRESS: CHRONIC STRESS CAN INCREASE SNS ACTIVITY, WHICH CAN INCREASE BP

SMOKING AND ALCOHOL: NICOTINE AND EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL BOTH INCREASE BP THROUGH VASOCONSTRICTION AND INCREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT

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11
Q

HIRSUTISM

A

EXCESSIVE HAIR GROWTH

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12
Q

SIDE EFFECTS OF CHC
DECREASED AND INCREASED PROGESTIN

A

DECREASED PROGESTIN SIDE EFFECTS
- WEIGHT GAIN
- DEPRESSION
- FATIGUE
- DECREASED LIBIDO

INCREASED PROGESTIN SIDE EFFECTS
- BREAKTHROUGH BLEEDING
- HEADACHES

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13
Q

METOPROLOL (LOPRESSOR, TOPROL)

A

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE, BETA-1 BLOCKER

INDICATIONS:
HTN, MI, ANGINA

ONSET:
PO- 15 MINUTES, IV - INTERMEDIATE

CONTRAINDICATIONS:
2ND/3RD DEGREE HEART BLOCK, CARDIOGENIC SHOCK, DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE, BRADYCARDIA

INTERACTIONS:
DIGOXIN (BRADYCARDIA), ANTIHYPERTENSIVES, ALCOHOL (HTN)

CAUTION:
HEPATIC/RENAL FAILURE, THYROID DYSFUNCTION, ASTHMA, PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES

SIDE EFFECTS:
FATIGUE, WEAKNESS, DIZZINESS, NAUSEA, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, MENTAL CHANGES, DECREASED LIBIDO, DEPRESSION

ADVERSE REACTIONS:
BRADYCARDIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA, HEART BLOCK, BRONCHOSPASM, AGRANULOCYTOSIS

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14
Q

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF BETA-BLOCKERS AND WHAT ARE THEIR 2 TYPES ?

A

DECREASE HR AND CONTRACTILITY, REDUCE CARDIAC OUTPUT, AND DECREASE RENIN RELEASE

TYPES:
SELECTIVE (BETA-1)
- METOPROLOL, ATENOLOL (CARDIOSELECTIVE)

  • NON-SELECTIVE (BETA 1 AND BETA 2)
  • PROPRANOLOL, NADOLOL
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15
Q

WHAT ARE THE GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MONITORING AND LIFESTYLE IN OSTEOPOROSIS TREATMENT ?

A

MONITORING INVOLVES REGULAR BONE DENSITY ASSESSMENTS, ENSURING ADEQUATE CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D INTAKE.
LIFESTYLE RECOMMENDATIONS INCLUDE WEIGHT-BEARING EXERCISES, AVOIDING SMOKING AND EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL, AND ADHERENCE TO THERAPY

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16
Q

CALCITONIN

A

MOA:
DIRECTLY INHIBITS OSTEOCLASTIC BONE REABSORPTION, LEADING TO DECREASED BONE LOSS

INDICATIONS:
TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS, SPECIFIED IN WOMEN WHO ARE AT LEAST 5 YEARS POST-MENOPAUSE OR THOSE WITH PAGET’S DISEASE

CONTRAINDICATIONS:
ALLERGY TO SALMON OR CALCITONIN

ADVERSE EFFECTS:
COMMON: NAUSEA, DIARRHEA, FLUSHING OF FACE, DECREASED APPETITE
LESS COMMON: NASAL IRRITATION IF USED WITH THE NASAL SPRAY FORM

17
Q

WHAT IS THE RESPONSE OF BLOOD VESSELS TO ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATION ?

A

ALPHA -1:
VASOCONSTRICTION

BETA-2:
VASODILATION

18
Q

WHAT ARE THE ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS AND THEIR LOCATIONS ?

A
  1. BETA 1 (HEART)
    - INCREASES HR AND CONTRACTILITY
  2. BETA 2 (LUNGS)
    - CAUSES BRONCHODILATION AND VASODILATION
  3. ALPHA 1 (TISSUES, MUSCLES, ORGANS)
    - CAUSES VASOCONSTRICTION
19
Q

WHA CLASS OF MEDS IS A CONTRAINDICATION FOR MEDS LIKE SILDENAFIL ?

A

NITRATES