PHARM GROUP 4 Flashcards
HOW DO DIURETICS AFFECT KIDNEY FUNCTION ?
DIURETICS INFLUENCE THE KIDNEY BY AFFECTING THE BALANCE OF ECF, REDUCING BP AND DECREASING EDEMA
HOW IS SCOPALAMINE USED AND WHAT ARE ITS SIDE EFFECTS ?
USED TO PREVENT MOTION SICKNESS AND NAUSEA WITH A TRANSDERMAL PATCH
SIDE EFFECTS
- DRY MOUTH
- BLURRED VISION
- CONSTIPATION
- URINARY RETENTION
HOW DOES FINASTERIDE (PROSCAR) WORK IN TREATING BPH, AND WHAT ADDITIONAL EFFECTS DOES IT HAVE ?
FINASTERIDE REDUCES PROSTATE SIZE BY INHIBITING THE ENZYME THAT CONVERTS TESTOSTERONE TO DHT, EASING URINE PASSAGE.
IT MAY ALSO PROMOTE HAIR GROWTH IN MEN
ESTROGEN
TYPES:
ESTRADIOL - PREFERRED FOR MOST FORMULATION DUE TO ITS EFFICACY AND SAFETY PROFILE
MESTRANOL - LESS COMMONLY USED IN SOME OLDER FORMULATIONS
DOSING:
- LOWER ESTROGEN DOSES ARE GENERALLY PREFERRED TO MINIMIZE RISKS SUCH AS MI, VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM (VTE), AND STROKES
- REGULAR MONITORING FOR THE SIGNS OF THROMBOEMBOLIC EVENTS IS CRUCIAL
CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR USING LOOP DIURETICS
- DRUG ALLERGY
- HEPATIC COMA
- SEVERE ELECTROLYTE LOSS
PREMARIN (CONJUGATED ESTROGEN)
ADVERSE EFFECTS:
MOST SERIOUS:
THROMBOEMBOLIC EVENTS EX) DVT, STROKE
COMMON:
NAUSEA, DIARRHEA, VOMITING, CONSTIPATION, PHOTOSENSITIVITY, HTN, THROMBOPHLEBITIS, AMENORRHEA, BREAKTHROUGH BLEEDING, CHLOASMA, HIRSUTISM, ALOPECIA, TENDER BREASTS, FLUID RETENTION, HEADACHE
DRUG INTERACTIONS:
- DECREASES ACTIVITY OF ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
- CONCURRENT USE WITH RIFAMPIN AND ST. JOHNS WORT CAN DECREASE EFFECTIVENESS
- CONCURRENT USE WITH TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS (TCA) CAN INCREASE TCA TOXICITY
- SMOKING INCREASES THE RISK OF THROMBOSIS
ESTRADIOL TRANSDERMAL SYSTEM
CONTRAINDICATIONS
- HISTORY OF BREAST CANCER
- UNDIAGNOSED VAGINAL BLEEDING
- HYPERSENSITIVITY TO ESTROGEN
WHAT IS SECONDARY HTN AND WHAT PERCENTAGE OF HTN CASES DOES IT ACCOUNT FOR ?
CAUSED BY AN UNDERLYING MEDICAL CONDITION
ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT 10% OF ALL HTN CASES
CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR SPIRONOLACTONE
- SEVERE KIDNEY DISEASE
- SEVERE HYPERKALEMIA
MAJOR RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING ESSENTIAL HTN ?
FAMILY HISTORY: A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO HTN
HYPERLIPIDEMIA: HIGH CHOLESTEROL LEVELS CAN CAUSE ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHICH INCREASE BP
DIABETES: AFFECTS BLOOD VESSEL HEALTH AND INCREASES BP
ETHNICITY: BLACK PEOPLE ARE AT A HIGHER RISK FOR HTN
OBESITY: LEADS TO INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT AND VASCULAR RESISTANCE
AGING: BLOOD VESSELS STIFFEN WITH AGE, WHICH INCREASE BP
STRESS: CHRONIC STRESS CAN INCREASE SNS ACTIVITY, WHICH CAN INCREASE BP
SMOKING AND ALCOHOL: NICOTINE AND EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL BOTH INCREASE BP THROUGH VASOCONSTRICTION AND INCREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT
HIRSUTISM
EXCESSIVE HAIR GROWTH
SIDE EFFECTS OF CHC
DECREASED AND INCREASED PROGESTIN
DECREASED PROGESTIN SIDE EFFECTS
- WEIGHT GAIN
- DEPRESSION
- FATIGUE
- DECREASED LIBIDO
INCREASED PROGESTIN SIDE EFFECTS
- BREAKTHROUGH BLEEDING
- HEADACHES
METOPROLOL (LOPRESSOR, TOPROL)
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE, BETA-1 BLOCKER
INDICATIONS:
HTN, MI, ANGINA
ONSET:
PO- 15 MINUTES, IV - INTERMEDIATE
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
2ND/3RD DEGREE HEART BLOCK, CARDIOGENIC SHOCK, DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE, BRADYCARDIA
INTERACTIONS:
DIGOXIN (BRADYCARDIA), ANTIHYPERTENSIVES, ALCOHOL (HTN)
CAUTION:
HEPATIC/RENAL FAILURE, THYROID DYSFUNCTION, ASTHMA, PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES
SIDE EFFECTS:
FATIGUE, WEAKNESS, DIZZINESS, NAUSEA, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, MENTAL CHANGES, DECREASED LIBIDO, DEPRESSION
ADVERSE REACTIONS:
BRADYCARDIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA, HEART BLOCK, BRONCHOSPASM, AGRANULOCYTOSIS
WHAT IS THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF BETA-BLOCKERS AND WHAT ARE THEIR 2 TYPES ?
DECREASE HR AND CONTRACTILITY, REDUCE CARDIAC OUTPUT, AND DECREASE RENIN RELEASE
TYPES:
SELECTIVE (BETA-1)
- METOPROLOL, ATENOLOL (CARDIOSELECTIVE)
- NON-SELECTIVE (BETA 1 AND BETA 2)
- PROPRANOLOL, NADOLOL
WHAT ARE THE GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MONITORING AND LIFESTYLE IN OSTEOPOROSIS TREATMENT ?
MONITORING INVOLVES REGULAR BONE DENSITY ASSESSMENTS, ENSURING ADEQUATE CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D INTAKE.
LIFESTYLE RECOMMENDATIONS INCLUDE WEIGHT-BEARING EXERCISES, AVOIDING SMOKING AND EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL, AND ADHERENCE TO THERAPY