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Intro to Pharmacology > Pharm Final > Flashcards

Pharm Final Flashcards

1
Q

The study of cost and benefits/detriments of drugs used clinically:

A

Pharmacoeconomics

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT an action of the BODY on a DRUG?

a) absorption
b) distribution
c) metabolism
d) excretion
e) adverse effects

A

E

-Pharmacokinetics– BODY on drug (ADME)

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3
Q

The study of drug effects between individuals in a population & between populations:

A

Pharmacoepiddemiology

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4
Q

What phase can be used for humans but is still in the post-marketing surveillance phase?

A

Phase 4 (only one with post-marketing)

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5
Q

What phase is the investigative new drug phase?

A

After preclinical testing & before phase 1

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6
Q

What is the new drug application phase?

A

After phase 3 before phase 4

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7
Q

Which of these drug:target interactions is an example of covalent bonding?

A

Aspirin & cyclooxyrgenase (irreversible bond)

(another example is Omeprazole & proton pump)

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8
Q

What determines the degree of movement of a drug between body compartments?

a) size
b) pH
c) degree of ionization
d) protein binding
e) all of the above

A

E

(distribution)

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9
Q

Aspirin readily donates a proton in aqueous solutions. Pyrimethamine readily accepts a proton in aqueous solution. Thus aspirin is a _____ & pyrimethamine is a _____

A

acid; base

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10
Q

For a dose/response chart, what will you need to do to the dose if you add a competitive inhibitor?

A

Increase dose to get same effect as agonist alone

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11
Q

Following the agonist activation of a single GCPR, amplification of the downstream signal occurs because:

A

duration of activation of G-protein is longer than agonist activation of receptor

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12
Q

What allows histamine to get a variety of different effects in different receptors?

A

Heterogeneity of G-protein coupled receptors

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13
Q

What superfamily has a DNA binding domain?

A

Nuclear

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14
Q

What keeps the nuclear receptor ligands stable?

A

Heat shock protein

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15
Q

What receptor takes the longest and requires hours to days to take an effect?

A

Nuclear receptor

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16
Q

What receptors can be involved in rapid responses (seconds to minutes)?

A

GPCR (Beta-adrenergic)
Ligand-gated (Nicotinic-acetylcholine)

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17
Q

Acidic drugs bind primarily to which of the following plasma proteins?

A

Albumin

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18
Q

Basic drugs bind primarily to which of the following plasma proteins?

A

Alpha-1 glycoprotein

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19
Q

Cp= plasma concentration

Our goal is to get a plasma concentration within a therapeutic window in order to elicit an appropriate response without reaching toxicity

Parameters of this include:
1. clearance
2. Volume of distribution
3. Half-life

A
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20
Q

Determines the maintenance dose rate:

A

Clearance

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21
Q

Determines the loading rate:

A

Volume of distribution

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22
Q

Determines the time to reach steady state & determines dosing intervals:

A

Half life

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23
Q

For therapeutic response of a drug to occur the drug must be:

A

unbound to plasma protein

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24
Q

The free or unbound fraction of a drug is usually the portion that:

A

exerts a pharmacologic effect

(If protein binding is reduced, greater free drug concentration is available which may lead to increased drug activity)

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25
Q

If a drug is 80% bound to blood elements or plasma proteins, what part is considered the free form?

A

20%

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26
Q

What is the average availability of a drug following IV administration?

A

100%

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27
Q

What organ is responsible for metabolism in the FIRST PASS EFFECT?

A

Liver

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28
Q

Which of the following would receive a drug slowly?

A

adipose

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29
Q

Bactrim is a 2c9 inhibitor and warfarin is a 2c9 substrate. What happens when the two are taken together?

A

Increased warfarin effect

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30
Q

Pharmacokinetics is the effect of the ______

Pharmacodynamics is the effect of the ____

A

K: Body on drug

D: Drug on body

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31
Q

Which of the following is NOT a pharmacokinetic process?

A

the drug causes dilation of coronary vessels

(Kinetics = BODIES effect on drug)

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32
Q

Which of the following describes MINIMAL effective concentration (MEC):

A

The minimal drug PLASMA concentration to produce an effect

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33
Q

What refers to your body “tank”

A

Volume of distribution

(VD determines loading rate as well)

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34
Q

For first-order drug elimination, half-life is T1/2 is _____ at two places on the curve and a constant ____ is lost per unit time

A

Equal; percentage

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35
Q

What happens to insulin once its bound to the receptor?

A

Phosphate group to tyrosine kinase protein

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36
Q

Phyisochemical property of drugs :

A

-Racemic mixture regarding chirality

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37
Q

equation for loading dose for an IV drug?

A

D= VD x Css / F

Dry = very dry x cause / fuck

38
Q

Which of the following drugs would most likely need a loading dose to help reach therapeutic levels:

A

Whichever drug has the greatest half life

39
Q

Which of the following is the amount of drug absorbed per the amount administered

A

Bioavailability

40
Q

The lipid soluble form of a base is ____ and the lipid soluble form of an acid is ____

A

unprotonated

protonated

41
Q

What prohibited full FDA review of supplements and botanicals as drugs?

A

Dietary supplemental health and education act

42
Q

Who is in charge of safety regarding drug development?

A

Manufacturers

43
Q

What did Paul Ehlrich say about drugs?

A

A drug will NOT work unless bound

44
Q

What happens to the curve when naloxone is bound to morphine:

A

Right shift

45
Q

What superfamily receptor is a SINGLE transmembrane spanning domain?

A

Kinase linked & related receptors

46
Q

What drug is used for patients with TNF-alpha to decrease symptoms?

A

Infliximab

47
Q

What does verapamil block?

48
Q

T/F: The first order elimination of a drug half life is constant

49
Q

What needs to occur for a drug to be useful?

A

Must show a high degree of binding site specificity

50
Q

What drug interaction still allows binding of the agonist but binds to the same receptor?

A

allosteric antagonist

51
Q

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

52
Q

What doe HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors do?

A

Competitively inhibit rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver (lovastatin)

53
Q

Anti-epileptic with cognitive impairment, gingival hyperplasia and drug interactions of cyp450 3A4 enzyme induction:

54
Q

Drugs that cause gingival hyperplasia include:

A
  1. anticonvulsants
  2. calcium channel blockers
  3. cyclosporine (antifungal)
55
Q

Antianginal medication that works by blocking beta-adrenoreceptor:

56
Q

What are three endogenous catecholamines;

A
  1. epinephrine
  2. norepinephrine
  3. dopamine
57
Q

Cardiac output is a function of:

58
Q

Myocardial oxygen demand is determined by:

A
  1. heart rate
  2. myocardial contractility
  3. myocardial wall stress
59
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the EXTRINSIC pathway of the coagulation cascade?

A

results in formation of activated factor VIIa

60
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the INTRINSIC pathway?

A

all components are present in the blood

61
Q

Predictable dose related reaction NOT part of the therapeutic effect:

A

Side effect

62
Q

Levofloxacin is a 2c9 inhibitor, warfarin is a 2c9 substrate, what happens when taken together?

A

Increased warfarin effect

63
Q

What results from covalent modification and alteration of DNA?

A

Mutagenesis

64
Q

What will dissolve in H2O:

A

must be ionized

65
Q

T/F: An ionized drug more readily crosses the plasma membrane

A

False

-small uncharged molecules can cross

66
Q

After FDA approval how long is left of patent lie?

A

5-10 years

67
Q

Beta-2 agonist for short term control in asthma:

68
Q

Vaughn Williams classification for potassium channel blocker:

69
Q

What happens to EC50 when competitive agonist is added?

A

Shifts to right

70
Q

What is a high intensity dose?

A

Rosuvastatin at 20 mg

71
Q

What is a high intensity dose?

A

Atorvastatin (Lipitor) 80 mg

72
Q

What has the most perfusion?

A

Central organs (heart, brain, liver, kidney)

73
Q

HDL should be:

A

greater than 60

74
Q

LDL should be:

A

less than 100

75
Q

What competitively inhibits conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by TPA?

A

tranexamic acid

76
Q

What drug is associated with anaphylactic shock?

77
Q

Dries secretion and increases heart rate in nerve agent exposure:

78
Q

Patient using albuterol for asthma, which medication is most likely to result in pharmacodynamic interaction & negate use?

A

Propranolol

79
Q

Class of lipid lowering agents most potent lowering LDL cholesterol and also very expensive

A

PCSK-9 inhibitors

80
Q

Study of genetic basis of ADME and receptor target interactions:

A

Pharmacogenomics

81
Q

Enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine in serum:

A

acetylcholinesterase

82
Q

Clot that occurs in arterial circulation & consists of platelets:

A

White thrombus

83
Q

Taking APAP with codeine, how will it affect other meds they take?

A

SLOWED absorption

84
Q

What should you avoid in asthma patients?

A
  1. Aspirins
  2. NSAIDs
  3. Opiates
  4. Barbiturates
  5. Antihistamines
85
Q

Noncovalent type of interaction:

A

Formation of hydrogen peroxide

86
Q

Antianginal medication with gingival hyperplasia:

87
Q

DIRECT thrombin inhibitor:

88
Q

Which would you NOT expect with acute cholinergic toxicity?

89
Q

Drug for chronic dry mouth, avoid adverse effects while maximizing stimulation of saliva:

A

M3 receptors

Intro to Pharmacology (16 decks)

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