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Pathopharm > Pharm cancer > Flashcards

Pharm cancer Flashcards

1
Q

FRONT

A

BACK

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3
Q

Define Cancer:

A

tissue overgrowth which is independent of the laws governing the remainder of the body. Serves no purpose to the body.

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5
Q

What is the original definition for tumor?

A

A mass greater than 2cm

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7
Q

Define neoplasm:

A

new growth

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9
Q

T or F: All neoplams are cancer.

A

F. Neoplasm just refers to new growth. Does not specify if it is malignant or benign

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11
Q

T or F: Cells that are atropic or hypertrophic can be considered normal

A

TRUE-depends on life stage

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13
Q

T or F: Metaplasia is normal.

A

F. Metaplasia is always caused by “rebellious” cells

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15
Q

When cells are dysplayed, but have not penetrated the basement membrane of the organ they are described as a:

A

in situ neoplasm

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17
Q

When growth penetrates through the basement membrane of an organ and can spread throughout the body it is described as an:

A

invasive neoplasm

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19
Q

A tumor that is well-defined, has a low mitotic index, and does not metastatize is most likely:

A

benign

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21
Q

A tumor that is poorly defined, poorly differentiated, has a high mitotic index and has metastasis is most likely:

A

malignant

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23
Q

Define anaplasia:

A

When a cell no longer resmbles the original cell. Ex: original cell was cuboidal, new cell looks columnar

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25
Q

Altered contact inhibition refers to:

A

the cells within a tumor’s ablility to continue growing and multiplying despite normal growth parameters

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27
Q

Define autonomy:

A

cell’s ability to disconnect from the normal laws of cell growth

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29
Q

How does a malignant tumor change the transport of sugar and amino acids?

A

Instead of nutrients going to appropriate cells they go straight to the tumor

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31
Q

T or F: A benign tumor is never life threatening

A

F. Depending on location benign tumors can be life threatening

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33
Q

List the 6 hallmarks of cancer:

A
  1. self-sufficiency in growth signals 2. insensitivity to antigrowth signals 3. Evading apoptosis 4. Limitless replicative potential 5. Sustained angiogenesis 6. Tissue invasion and metastasis
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35
Q

Define angiogenesis:

A

the vascularization of neoplastic cells (tumor can develop circulation and grow quickly)

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37
Q

Why are tumor classifications important?

A

help us know the origin of the cancer, important for diagnosing and treating cancer-site of origin determines appropriate treatment

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39
Q

Cancer found in epithelial cells:

A

carcinoma

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41
Q

Cancer found in grandular tissue:

A

adenocarcinoma

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43
Q

Cancer found in connective tissue:

A

sarcoma

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45
Q

Cancer found in lymph tissue:

A

lymphoma

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47
Q

Cancer found in blood forming tissue (marrow)

A

leukemia

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49
Q

Cancer found in the uterus:

A

fibroma

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51
Q

Cancer found in bones:

A

osteoma

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53
Q

Cancer found in cartilage:

A

chondroma

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55
Q

Cancer found in glial cells of the CNS:

A

gliomas

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57
Q

What is one of the most deadly types of cancer?

A

gliomas

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59
Q

Carcinogenesis refers to:

A

the foundations of how a cancer begins

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61
Q

T or F: All cancers have a huge genetic component.

A

F. Genetics plays a role, but not always.

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63
Q

Define protooncogenes:

A

normal genes that code for cellular growth

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65
Q

Define oncogenes:

A

mutant genes

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67
Q

What do oncogenes do in their non-mutant state?

A

direct protein synthesis and cellular growth

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69
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

Cells present in everyone that act to suppress the growth of tumors

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71
Q

What role do DNA repair genes play in carcinogenesis?

A

DNA repair genes can get mutated and become carcinogenic

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73
Q

List the 3 stages of cancer development:

A

Initiaion, promotion, progression

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75
Q

What happens during initiation?

A

DNA is damaged and mutates

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77
Q

What happens during promotion?

A

Upon exposure to a carcinogenic environment/genetics cancerous cells get enhanced

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79
Q

What happens during progression?

A

local invasiveness, angiogenesis, metatasis-cancerous growth continues, adjacent organs may be invaded

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81
Q

During initiation, what is happening on a cellular level?

A

DNA is damaged and cells mutate

83
Q

What is happening on a cellular level during promotion?

A

oncogenes are activated by a promoter agent

85
Q

What is happening on a cellular level during progression?

A

a malignant tumor is growing and spreading

87
Q

What are tumor-suppressor genes?

A

In their normal state negatively regulate proliferation-anti-oncogenes

89
Q

What happens if tumor-suppressor genes are in an unsteady state?

A

oncogenes will take over

91
Q

Viral insertion of HPV, HCV, or EBV can have what effect on a protooncogen gene?

A

can cause it to mutate

93
Q

Point mutations, gene amplification, and chromosomal rearrangement are all examples of:

A

protooncogene mutations

95
Q

Cancer is predominantly a disease of _____________

A

aging

97
Q

How do recurrent infections/inflammation relate to cancer?

A

Every time cells are killed off and need to re-grow there is a possibility of mutation.

99
Q

T or F: Cancer can easily develop after 1 cell mutation.

A

F. multiple mutations aare required before cancer can develop

101
Q

T or F: When tumor suppression genes are inactivated, oncogenes will be activated.

A

T. Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes have an inverse relationship. When one is on the other will be off.

103
Q

T or F: Once oncogenes are activated the development of cancer can take years.

A

TRUE

105
Q

If a person is exposed to mutagens and somatic cells mutate, this mutation (will/will not) be passed on to next generations.

A

will NOT

107
Q

If a person is exposed to mutagens and germline cells mutate, this mutation (will/will not) be passed on to next generations.

A

will

109
Q

How might H. pylori cause cancer?

A

People who have chronic stomach ulcers (inflammation and constant cellular repair) are at high risk of developing gastrinoma

111
Q

Chronic inflammation is an important factor in the development of cancer because:

A

it can promote mutation, and invoke a decreased response to DNA damage

113
Q

Define proliferation:

A

The growth or production of cells by mutiplication of parts

115
Q

Define differentiation:

A

Describes how much or how little the tumor looks like the normal tissue it came from

117
Q

What are tumor cell markers?

A

biological substances that can be detected in blood, spinal fluid, or urine

119
Q

Give some examples of tumor cell markers:

A

hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, antibodies

121
Q

What are some purposes of tumor cell markers?

A

Can be used to screen, diagnose, mark tumor progression

123
Q

T or F: Discovering a tumor cell marker by itself is enough to make a diagnosis of cancer

A

F. Markers are never used alone or as a diagnostic test.

125
Q

When making a diagnosis one should first:

A

Assess what the patient looks like

127
Q

The most common vehicle used for cancer to travel through the body is the ___________________

A

lymphatic system

129
Q

List the 4 most common sites to find cancer:

A

Brain, bones, liver, lungs

131
Q

Why are the brain, bones, liver, and lungs prone to developing cancer?

A

They are all highly vascular organs

133
Q

A cancer in stage 1 is:

A

confined to organ or origin

135
Q

A cancer in stage 2 is:

A

locally invasive

137
Q

A cancer in stage 3:

A

has lymph node invasion

139
Q

A cancer in stage 4:

A

has spread to distant sites throughout the body

141
Q

What are the 4 phases of tumor spread?

A

transformation, growth, local invasion, distant metastasis

143
Q

Define metastasis:

A

primary cancer cells travel and proliferate in other sites

145
Q

On a biopsy report T refers to a tumor’s:

A

size (T0=no tumor-T3=skin/chest wall involved by invasion

147
Q

On a biopsy report N refers to a tumor’s:

A

node invasion (N0=no axillary nodes involved-N2=mobile anda fixed nodes involved

149
Q

On a biopsy report M refers to a tumor’s:

A

degree of metastases (M0=no metastases, M1=demonstratable metastases, M2=suspected metastases)

151
Q

How is tumor grading different than cancer stages?

A

Tumor grading is assessing the tumor itself, not the stage of cancer

153
Q

A tumor in Grade 1 is:

A

well differentiated and resembles the tissue or origin

155
Q

A tumor in Grade 2 is:

A

Moderatly differentiated, with increased size and shape of cells

157
Q

A tumor in Grade 3 is:

A

poorly differentiated, malignant, a lot of variation in the size and shape of the tumor

159
Q

A tumor in Grade 4:

A

has no resemblance to the original tissue, malignant

161
Q

Patients with cancer who have undergone chemotherapy may exhibit clinical manifestations such as:

A

Anemia, thromocytopenia (platelets <5000), pain, and cachexia (severe malnutrition)

163
Q

What are some warning signs of cancer?

A

Lump or swelling, a sore that doesn’t heal, recent change in a wart/mole, unusual discharge, changes in bladder/bowel habits, nagging cough/hoarseness, difficulty in swallowing, extreme weight loss

165
Q

To make a definitive cancer diagnosis a clinician should:

A

Note persistence of sx’s, identify various cancer markers, identify mass/metastasis, have a morphological confirmation

167
Q

T or F: Chemotherapy is systemic and will kill good cells as well as cancerous cells

A

TRUE

169
Q

Chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and immunotherapy are all methods of:

A

managing cancer

171
Q

Skin dryness and hair loss are common side effects of:

A

chemotherapy

173
Q

Chemotherapy’s ability to suppress bone marrow refers to:

A

suppressing RBC’s and platelets

175
Q

T or F: childhood cancers are a disease entity.

A

F, they are described as a spectrum of malignancies

177
Q

What are the most common childhood cancers?

A

leukemias, sarcomas, and embryonic tumors

179
Q

What are embryonic tumors?

A

originate during uterine life, occurs when embryonic tissue does not fully mature, then later proliferates in this immature form

181
Q

Childhood tumors are commonly called ____________

A

blasts

183
Q

This type fo cancer commonly involves tissue (childhood or adult)

A

childhood

185
Q

This type of cancer has few prevention strategies

A

childhood

187
Q

This type of cancer has strong environmental and lifestyle influences

A

adult cancer

189
Q

This type of cancer commonly involves organs

A

adult cancer

191
Q

This type of cancer is 80% preventable

A

adult cancer

193
Q

This type of cancer has a >80% cure rate

A

childhood

195
Q

This type of cancer has fewer long term consequences

A

adult cancer

197
Q

What type of cancer is often detected early with screening?

A

adult cancer

199
Q

Prenatal exposure and increased parental age are possible environmental factors for:

A

childhood cancer

201
Q

What is the prognosis for childhood cancer?

A

80% are fully cured

Pathopharm (11 decks)

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