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Pathopharm > pathopharm 1 > Flashcards

pathopharm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

front

A

back

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2
Q

Define Pathology:

A

Study of disease and abnormality

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3
Q

Define Pathophysiology:

A

Study of body function in the diseased or abnormal state

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4
Q

What is etiology?

A

The origin of a disease

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5
Q

Give examples of etiology:

A

genetics, aging, environment, infectious, traumatic, congenital

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6
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

the manner of development of a disease, the “how” the disease develops, can be on a cellular level

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7
Q

What are manifestations?

A

The clinical features of a disease-signs and symptoms of a disease

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8
Q

Give examples of some manifestations:

A

morphology, subclinical, signs/symptoms, lesions, complications/sequela, resolution

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9
Q

What is a symptom of a disease?

A

subjective, what the patient experiences about the illness/disease. Cannot be measured or observed.

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10
Q

What is a sign of a disease?

A

Objective, physical manifestation of the illness that can be observed and measured.

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11
Q

Give an example of a symptom:

A

pain level

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12
Q

Give an example of a sign:

A

A person with hypertension has a bp of 140/90

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13
Q

Describe the development of the disease pneumonia:

A

Etiology: bacteria or virus Pathogenesis: bacteria duplicates and eventually compromises the exchange between oxygen and co2 Manifestations: fluid in lungs, coughing, sputum, etc.

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14
Q

Define Morphology:

A

What cells look like

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15
Q

Define subclinical:

A

term used to describe signs and symptoms of a disease a patient does not know they have

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16
Q

Give an example of subclinical findings:

A

Pt comes in complaining of frequent headaches and attributes them to stress. However, pt is unaware he/she has hypertension, which is the real cause of the headaches

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17
Q

Define complications:

A

The continuation of an illness

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18
Q

Give an example of a complication:

A

phenomena is a complication of a flu, infection is a complication of a cut

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19
Q

What is a sequela of a disease?

A

A more permanent complication a pt may not recover from

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20
Q

Give an example of a sequela:

A

if a pt gets frost bite and needs to have a limb removed, that would be a permanent complication of the frostbite

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21
Q

Define Resolution:

A

After treatment disease completely goes away and resolves

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22
Q

Define Drug in the medical, theraputic sense:

A

a substance taken to prevent, cure, or reduce symptoms of a medical condition

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23
Q

Define drug in a broad sense:

A

a chemical that interacts with a living organism to produce a biologic response

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24
Q

T or F: Once taken, a drug changes what is biologically happening in the body

A

FALSE: Drugs cannot change what is happening, they simply modifies and re-routes the pain response

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25
Q

Around how many documented Rx’s are prescribed each year in the US?

A

over 3 billion

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26
Q

In 1997 this was passed which created a fast track approval system for drugs treating AIDS, cancer, and other life threatening conditions

A

The FDA Modernizing Act

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27
Q

Before the FDA Modernizing act how long could it take for a drug to get approved? How did the act change this?

A

before it could take up to 30 months, the act reduced this time to 15 months

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28
Q

Which agency is responsibe for ensuring the safety of drugs and medical devices?

A

The FDA

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29
Q

Define “scheduled drugs”

A

Drugs with a high potential for dependence or abuse

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30
Q

Define “OTC drugs”

A

“Over The Counter” drugs, do not require an Rx

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31
Q

List the 4 different names a drug can have:

A

chemical, generic, international, trade

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32
Q

What is a drug’s chemical name?

A

describes the chemical composition of the drug and is assigned using the standard nomenclature established by the IUPAC-a drug has only ONE chemical name

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33
Q

What is a drug’s generic name?

A

less complicated and easier to remember than the chemical name. Each drug has ONE generic name in the USA, can have a different international generic name.

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34
Q

What is a drug’s trade name?

A

assigned by the company marketing the drug. “brand” name. Each drug may have SEVERAL trade names.

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35
Q

N-acetyl-para-aminophenol is an example of a ______________ name

A

chemical

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36
Q

Tylenol is an example of a ___________ name

A

trade

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37
Q

acetaminophen (USA) or paracetamol (IN) are examples of ____________ names

A

generic

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38
Q

Define pharmacology:

A

the study of substances that interact with living organisms to produce a biologic response

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39
Q

List the 4 principles of pharmacology:

A
  1. pharmaceutical 2. pharmacokinetic 3. pharmacodynamic 4. pharmacotherapeutics
40
Q

Define pharmaceutical:

A

refers to a group of interdisciplinary studies of a drug

41
Q

Define pharmacokinetic:

A

how the BODY reacts TO the DRUG/ how the drug moves through the body *kinetic-body moves-how the body effects the drug

42
Q

Define Pharmacodynamic:

A

the effect of the drug on the body **dynamic=the body can produce a dynamic range of effects on the body

43
Q

Define absorption:

A

the reate at which a drug leaves its original site (sie of administration)

44
Q

Define distibution:

A

the transfer of the drug throughout the body

45
Q

What are some things that can hinder drug distribution?

A

the blood-brain barrier, fat soluable, protein binding

46
Q

Define metabolism as it relates to a drug:

A

The biochemical transformation of the drug-how it is broken down

47
Q

Which organ is especially important for drug metabolism?

A

The liver

48
Q

Define excretion as it relates to drugs:

A

how the drug leaves the body

49
Q

What is the primary organ involved in drug excretion?

A

The kidney, but intestinal tract and liver also play a role

50
Q

Absorption, distribution, metabolsim and excretion are all examples of drug__________

A

pharmacokinetics

51
Q

The mechanism of action, effects, and drug receptor interaction are all pieces of ____________

A

pharmacodynamics

52
Q

What are side effects?

A

Effects of a drug other than what is targeted. Can be positive or negative.

53
Q

What are adverse effects?

A

Refers to negative effects of a drug, can be fatal, not good!

54
Q

What does drug receptor interation refer to?

A

In order for a drug to work, it must fit into the proper receptor site on a cell-if not it will not bind, and will not work

55
Q

What is a patient’s functional state?

A

Refers to the state of the patient BEFORE medication is administered

56
Q

What does pharmacotheraputics refer to?

A

the effectiveness and safety of a drug

57
Q

What is a dose response?

A

The pt’s response to a certain drug dose-varies from pt to pt and can depend on what disease state/stage they are in

58
Q

A thereaputic range refers to:

A

The lowest and highest levels of a drug in the blood

59
Q

Define peak:

A

The highest level of a drug in the blood

60
Q

Define trough:

A

The lowest level of a drug in the blood

61
Q

Define subtheraputic:

A

A dose of a medication too low to have a theraputic effect on the pt

62
Q

Define lethal dose:

A

A dose of a drug that is too high, can be fatal

63
Q

Define drug 1/2 life:

A

The time required for drug’s plasma concentration to be reduced by half (time it takes for 1/2 of original dose to leave the body)

64
Q

Define loading dose:

A

An initial higher dose of a drug given to a pt

65
Q

Define maitenance dose:

A

dose required to keep a steady theraputic level of drug in the bloodstream

66
Q

How many half lifes does it take to achieve a “steady state” of a drug?

A

4 to 5

67
Q

What is baseline data?

A

pre-drug administration data for a pt

68
Q

Being aware of the side effects of a drug and how to intervene if necessary is also called___________

A

stratification of risk

69
Q

What are the 5 rights of drug administration?

A

Right: Patient, Drug, Dose, Route, Time

70
Q

Cells function normally when they are in a ______________ state

A

homeostatic

71
Q

Excess physiologic or pathologic stress may force cells into an ___________ state

A

adaptation

72
Q

Too much stress that exceeds the cell’s adaptive capacity can lead to cell ___________

A

injury

73
Q

T or F: Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible.

A

TRUE

74
Q

Cell death is a direct response of ___________

A

irreversible injury

75
Q

Define Hypoxia:

A

lack of oxygen to cells

76
Q

What is the #1 cause of cell injury?

A

hypoxia

77
Q

Define necrosis:

A

eschemic-lack of blood flow-without blood flow cells die

78
Q

Define atrophy:

A

cell is shrunken, looses its integrity and cell membrane

79
Q

Define hypertrophy:

A

cell is overgrown, too large

80
Q

Define hyperplasia:

A

rate of cell division has increased, BAD

81
Q

Define metaplasia:

A

ALWAYS bad. Cells are multiplying too fast AND changing shape

82
Q

Define dysplasia:

A

cells grow disorganized, go in different directions, but still the same original shape (hyperplasia can lead to dysplasia)

83
Q

Why do cells change?

A

in response to changes in environment and for protection and social control

84
Q

Karyolysis and pyknosis are two examples of ____________

A

cellular injury related to the DNA/nucleus

85
Q

Hypoxia is caused by:

A

low oxygen environment due to a low Hgb or RBC

86
Q

What is a condition that can cause hypoxia?

A

sicle cell anemia

87
Q

Club fingers are a classic sign of ________

A

chronic hypoxia

88
Q

Define anoxia:

A

sudden acute total lack of oxygen caused by a sudden abstruction

89
Q

Define progressive hypoxia:

A

loss of oxygen caused by gradual arterial obstruction

90
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death, killing is quick and neat

91
Q

T or F: Apoptosis is an active process and requires energy and protein synthesis

A

TRUE

92
Q

Necrosis inside the heart appears as

A

coagulation

93
Q

Necrosis inside the brain appears as

A

liquefaction

94
Q

____________ is an organism that causes bubbles in gangrene

A

Clostirdium

95
Q

As far as cellular damage is concerned, the goal is to:

A

intervene when damage is still reversible

Pathopharm (11 decks)

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