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Pathopharm > inflamtion-C > Flashcards

inflamtion-C Flashcards

1
Q

What are the body’s 3 levels of defense against infection?

A

(Level one: Physical barriers, Level 2: inflammation) non-specific immunity, Level 3: specific immunity

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3
Q

Define Non-specific Immunity:

A

The innate resistance and protection that the natural epithelial barrier and inflammation provide, does not recognize specific antigens, it just attacks foreign bodies.

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5
Q

What are some examples of physical barries in non-specific immunity?

A

skin, hair follicles, cilia/cough reflex, stomach acid, mucous membranes

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7
Q

What cellular mechanism contributes to non-specific immunity?

A

Inflammation

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9
Q

T or F: Stating that non-specific immunity is species specific is referring to differences in immunity between people and other species, such as elephants.

A

FALSE. It is referring to the fact that if a pathogen gets into an organ, that organ will react. Ex: pathogen in the lungs, the lungs will respond, but other organs will not.(excluding systemic infections)

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11
Q

Which three general groups of cells respond in non-specific immunity?

A

granulocytes, agranulocytes, lymphocytes

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13
Q

Which cells are considered the first responders, much like soldiers on the front line of a battle?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

Which granulocytes are likely to be present during an allergy episode or parasite invasion?

A

Eosinophils

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17
Q

Which cells have an impotant role in stimulating mediators?

A

basophils

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19
Q

Monocytes are the premature form of:

A

macrophages

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21
Q

Macrophages are like bringing in the tanks, and are considered the _____________ responders

A

second

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23
Q

Neutrophils and Macrophages both destroy invaders through a process called ___________

A

phagocytosis

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25
Q

The second line of defense after pysical barriers is

A

inflammation

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27
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain

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29
Q

What are the three characteristic changes that occur during the vascular (first) phase of inflammation?

A

vasodilation, increased vasular permeability and leakage of fluid out of the vessel, white blood cells adhere to the inner walls of vessels

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31
Q

Exudate refers to:

A

fluids that may be exuded from the cite of an injury during the inflammation period

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33
Q

What are some systemic effects of inflammation?

A

fever, leukocytosis, septic shock, scar tissue formation

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35
Q

During the cellular phase of the inflammatory response neutrophils and macrophages:

A

eat and destroy cellular debris and infectious agents

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37
Q

During the cellular phase of the inflammatory response these cells prevent the inflammatory response from spreading to areas of healthy tissue :

A

Eosinophils

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39
Q

Platelets are responsible for:

A

Stopping any bleeding that has occurred

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41
Q

List the three protein systems responsible for mediating inflammation:

A

complement system, clotting system, kinen system

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43
Q

The compliment system is extremely important because activation of the compliment cascade:

A

may destroy pathogens directly and can activate or collaborate with virtually every other component of the inflammatory response

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45
Q

Proteins of the ____________ system are among the body’s most potent defenders against bacterial infection

A

compliment system

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47
Q

What are the three different ways the complement system can be activated?

A
  1. The classical pathway, (if #1 fails) 2. The lectin pathway, 3. alternative pathway
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49
Q

Which pathway is used when the complement system is activated by antibodies bound to antigens?

A

The classical pathway

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51
Q

Activating the complement system by certain bacterial carbohydrates is an example of which pathway?

A

The Lectin pathway

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53
Q

Activating the complement system through the alternative pathway involves:

A

Activation by gram-negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides

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55
Q

T or F: The complement system is nonspecific.

A

TRUE

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57
Q

T or F: The alternative pathway is organism specific.

A

TRUE-This pathway will only be activated if gram-negative or fungal organisms are present

59
Q

The ____________ is a group of plasma proteins that form a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site

A

clotting system

61
Q

The purpose of the clotting system is to A.prevent the spread of infection to adjacent tissues B.trap microorganisms and foreign bodies at the injury site for removal C.form a clot that stops bleeding D. provide a framework for future repair and healing E. All of the above

A

E

63
Q

T or F: The kinin system augments inflammation in many ways.

A

TRUE

65
Q

The primary kinin produced from the kinin system is:

A

bradykinin

67
Q

Bradykinin has what effect on blood vessels?

A

increases vascular permeability, causes vasodilation

69
Q

List 4 chemical mediators of inflammation:

A

histamine/leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

71
Q

_______________ inflammation is a defensive response to stimuli causing a protective vascular connective tissue reaction

A

acute

73
Q

T or F: Acute inflammation is a healthy response by the body to a harmful situation.

A

TRUE

75
Q

___________ inflammation is a dangerous, out of control immunologic reaction lasting longer than 2 weeks.

A

Chronic

77
Q

Persistance of infection, antigen, or foreign body can lead to:

A

chronic inflammation

79
Q

Some microorganisms produce toxins that can remain even after they themselves are killed. This can lead to:

A

prolonged irritation, thus chronic inflammation

81
Q

T or F: Chronic inflammation can lead to cancer, Diabetes II, arthritis, cardiovascualr disease, and other chronic conditions.

A

TRUE

83
Q

If non-specific immunity is not successful in destroying a pathogen what comes into play?

A

specific (aquired) immunity

85
Q

What are the three main keypoints to remember regarding aquired immunity?

A
  1. recognize self from non-self 2. memory 3. specificity
87
Q

An antibody will only have an effect if an antigen is________

A

recognized.

89
Q

_____ and _____ lymphocytes play a very active role in aquired immunity.

A

T, B

91
Q

These lymphocytes originate in bone marrow

A

B lymphocytes

93
Q

Humoral immunity is mediated by _________ and produced by_________ and ____________.

A

antibodies, plasma and memory B cells

95
Q

List the 4 different types of antibodies:

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE

97
Q

These antibodies are considered the 1st degree response

A

IgM

99
Q

These antibodies are considered the second degree response

A

IgG

101
Q

These antibodies are involved in allergic reactions:

A

IgA, IgE

103
Q

Infants are born with __________antibodies that drop until 6 months-when it is recommended to give a flu shot.

A

IgG

105
Q

This antibody is developed at birth.

A

IgM

107
Q

What are the main functions of antibodies?

A

neutralize antigens, neutralize viruses, promote phagocytosis of bacteria, boost inflammatory process

109
Q

Memory B cells are important in humoral immunity because:

A

they can rapidly produce more antibody to withstand a second challene by the same antigen

111
Q

These lymphocytes originate in the thymus

A

T lymphocytes

113
Q

Cellular immunity is mediated by

A

T cells

115
Q

Memory T cells are important because:

A

they can respond more quickly to a second challenge by the same antigen

117
Q

Killer T cells:

A

Directly destroy antigens

119
Q

Helper T cells:

A

stimulate T and B cells

121
Q

Suppressor T cells:

A

inhibit T and B cells

123
Q

What are Antigen Presenting Cells (APC’s)?

A

Cells that “process” antigens so they can be presented to cells of the immune system-thus initiating the immune response

125
Q

An example of an APC is a

A

macrophage

127
Q

Monocytes and macrophages control the immune system by:

A

recognizing antigens and tolerating self-antigens

129
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

Like a messenger, a substance secreted by certain cells of the immune system that have an effect on other cells-there are several different kinds

131
Q

Define specific immunity:

A

has memory and more rapidly targets and eradicates a second infection of a particular disease-causing microorganism

133
Q

By what two ways can a person aquire specific immunity to a disease?

A

Active or passive acquisition

135
Q

Define active aquired immunity:

A

produced by an individual after either natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization

137
Q

Define passive aquired immunity:

A

occurs when preformed antibodies or T lymphocytes are transferred from a donor to the recepient, as in from mother to fetus or newborn

139
Q

______________ immunity is long-lived, while ____________ immunity is only temporary because the antibodies or T cells are eventually destroyed.

A

Active aquired, passive

141
Q

Elderly persons may have a decrease in immune function due to what three main factors?

A

Thymus atrophies, decreased T-cell response, increased autoantibodies

143
Q

What is the difference between inflammation and an immune response?

A

Inflammation is non-specific and has no memory-will react the same @ initial and subsequent exposures; immune response is antigen specific and has a memory

Pathopharm (11 decks)

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