inflamtion-C

Question 1

What are the body’s 3 levels of defense against infection?

Answer 1

(Level one: Physical barriers, Level 2: inflammation) non-specific immunity, Level 3: specific immunity

Question 3

Define Non-specific Immunity:

Answer 3

The innate resistance and protection that the natural epithelial barrier and inflammation provide, does not recognize specific antigens, it just attacks foreign bodies.

Question 5

What are some examples of physical barries in non-specific immunity?

Answer 5

skin, hair follicles, cilia/cough reflex, stomach acid, mucous membranes

Question 7

What cellular mechanism contributes to non-specific immunity?

Answer 7

Inflammation

Question 9

T or F: Stating that non-specific immunity is species specific is referring to differences in immunity between people and other species, such as elephants.

Answer 9

FALSE. It is referring to the fact that if a pathogen gets into an organ, that organ will react. Ex: pathogen in the lungs, the lungs will respond, but other organs will not.(excluding systemic infections)

Question 11

Which three general groups of cells respond in non-specific immunity?

Answer 11

granulocytes, agranulocytes, lymphocytes

Question 13

Which cells are considered the first responders, much like soldiers on the front line of a battle?

Answer 13

Neutrophils

Question 15

Which granulocytes are likely to be present during an allergy episode or parasite invasion?

Answer 15

Eosinophils

Question 17

Which cells have an impotant role in stimulating mediators?

Answer 17

basophils

Question 19

Monocytes are the premature form of:

Answer 19

macrophages

Question 21

Macrophages are like bringing in the tanks, and are considered the _____________ responders

Answer 21

second

Question 23

Neutrophils and Macrophages both destroy invaders through a process called ___________

Answer 23

phagocytosis

Question 25

The second line of defense after pysical barriers is

Answer 25

inflammation

Question 27

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 27

redness, heat, swelling, pain

Question 29

What are the three characteristic changes that occur during the vascular (first) phase of inflammation?

Answer 29

vasodilation, increased vasular permeability and leakage of fluid out of the vessel, white blood cells adhere to the inner walls of vessels

Question 31

Exudate refers to:

Answer 31

fluids that may be exuded from the cite of an injury during the inflammation period

Question 33

What are some systemic effects of inflammation?

Answer 33

fever, leukocytosis, septic shock, scar tissue formation

Question 35

During the cellular phase of the inflammatory response neutrophils and macrophages:

Answer 35

eat and destroy cellular debris and infectious agents

Question 37

During the cellular phase of the inflammatory response these cells prevent the inflammatory response from spreading to areas of healthy tissue :

Answer 37

Eosinophils

Question 39

Platelets are responsible for:

Answer 39

Stopping any bleeding that has occurred

Question 41

List the three protein systems responsible for mediating inflammation:

Answer 41

complement system, clotting system, kinen system

Question 43

The compliment system is extremely important because activation of the compliment cascade:

Answer 43

may destroy pathogens directly and can activate or collaborate with virtually every other component of the inflammatory response

Question 45

Proteins of the ____________ system are among the body’s most potent defenders against bacterial infection

Answer 45

compliment system

Question 47

What are the three different ways the complement system can be activated?

Answer 47

1. The classical pathway, (if #1 fails) 2. The lectin pathway, 3. alternative pathway

Question 49

Which pathway is used when the complement system is activated by antibodies bound to antigens?

Answer 49

The classical pathway

Question 51

Activating the complement system by certain bacterial carbohydrates is an example of which pathway?

Answer 51

The Lectin pathway

Question 53

Activating the complement system through the alternative pathway involves:

Answer 53

Activation by gram-negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides

Question 55

T or F: The complement system is nonspecific.

Answer 55

TRUE

Question 57

T or F: The alternative pathway is organism specific.

Answer 57

TRUE-This pathway will only be activated if gram-negative or fungal organisms are present

Question 59

The ____________ is a group of plasma proteins that form a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site

Answer 59

clotting system

Question 61

The purpose of the clotting system is to A.prevent the spread of infection to adjacent tissues B.trap microorganisms and foreign bodies at the injury site for removal C.form a clot that stops bleeding D. provide a framework for future repair and healing E. All of the above

Answer 61

E

Question 63

T or F: The kinin system augments inflammation in many ways.

Answer 63

TRUE

Question 65

The primary kinin produced from the kinin system is:

Answer 65

bradykinin

Question 67

Bradykinin has what effect on blood vessels?

Answer 67

increases vascular permeability, causes vasodilation

Question 69

List 4 chemical mediators of inflammation:

Answer 69

histamine/leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 71

_______________ inflammation is a defensive response to stimuli causing a protective vascular connective tissue reaction

Answer 71

acute

Question 73

T or F: Acute inflammation is a healthy response by the body to a harmful situation.

Answer 73

TRUE

Question 75

___________ inflammation is a dangerous, out of control immunologic reaction lasting longer than 2 weeks.

Answer 75

Chronic

Question 77

Persistance of infection, antigen, or foreign body can lead to:

Answer 77

chronic inflammation

Question 79

Some microorganisms produce toxins that can remain even after they themselves are killed. This can lead to:

Answer 79

prolonged irritation, thus chronic inflammation

Question 81

T or F: Chronic inflammation can lead to cancer, Diabetes II, arthritis, cardiovascualr disease, and other chronic conditions.

Answer 81

TRUE

Question 83

If non-specific immunity is not successful in destroying a pathogen what comes into play?

Answer 83

specific (aquired) immunity

Question 85

What are the three main keypoints to remember regarding aquired immunity?

Answer 85

1. recognize self from non-self 2. memory 3. specificity

Question 87

An antibody will only have an effect if an antigen is________

Answer 87

recognized.

Question 89

_____ and _____ lymphocytes play a very active role in aquired immunity.

Answer 89

T, B

Question 91

These lymphocytes originate in bone marrow

Answer 91

B lymphocytes

Question 93

Humoral immunity is mediated by _________ and produced by_________ and ____________.

Answer 93

antibodies, plasma and memory B cells

Question 95

List the 4 different types of antibodies:

Answer 95

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE

Question 97

These antibodies are considered the 1st degree response

Answer 97

IgM

Question 99

These antibodies are considered the second degree response

Answer 99

IgG

Question 101

These antibodies are involved in allergic reactions:

Answer 101

IgA, IgE

Question 103

Infants are born with __________antibodies that drop until 6 months-when it is recommended to give a flu shot.

Answer 103

IgG

Question 105

This antibody is developed at birth.

Answer 105

IgM

Question 107

What are the main functions of antibodies?

Answer 107

neutralize antigens, neutralize viruses, promote phagocytosis of bacteria, boost inflammatory process

Question 109

Memory B cells are important in humoral immunity because:

Answer 109

they can rapidly produce more antibody to withstand a second challene by the same antigen

Question 111

These lymphocytes originate in the thymus

Answer 111

T lymphocytes

Question 113

Cellular immunity is mediated by

Answer 113

T cells

Question 115

Memory T cells are important because:

Answer 115

they can respond more quickly to a second challenge by the same antigen

Question 117

Killer T cells:

Answer 117

Directly destroy antigens

Question 119

Helper T cells:

Answer 119

stimulate T and B cells

Question 121

Suppressor T cells:

Answer 121

inhibit T and B cells

Question 123

What are Antigen Presenting Cells (APC's)?

Answer 123

Cells that "process" antigens so they can be presented to cells of the immune system-thus initiating the immune response

Question 125

An example of an APC is a

Answer 125

macrophage

Question 127

Monocytes and macrophages control the immune system by:

Answer 127

recognizing antigens and tolerating self-antigens

Question 129

What is a cytokine?

Answer 129

Like a messenger, a substance secreted by certain cells of the immune system that have an effect on other cells-there are several different kinds

Question 131

Define specific immunity:

Answer 131

has memory and more rapidly targets and eradicates a second infection of a particular disease-causing microorganism

Question 133

By what two ways can a person aquire specific immunity to a disease?

Answer 133

Active or passive acquisition

Question 135

Define active aquired immunity:

Answer 135

produced by an individual after either natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization

Question 137

Define passive aquired immunity:

Answer 137

occurs when preformed antibodies or T lymphocytes are transferred from a donor to the recepient, as in from mother to fetus or newborn

Question 139

______________ immunity is long-lived, while ____________ immunity is only temporary because the antibodies or T cells are eventually destroyed.

Answer 139

Active aquired, passive

Question 141

Elderly persons may have a decrease in immune function due to what three main factors?

Answer 141

Thymus atrophies, decreased T-cell response, increased autoantibodies

Question 143

What is the difference between inflammation and an immune response?

Answer 143

Inflammation is non-specific and has no memory-will react the same @ initial and subsequent exposures; immune response is antigen specific and has a memory