Pharacological Principles Vocab Flashcards
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual a fax of the same drugs given alone.
Synergistic effects
Example 1+1= greater than 2
If two drugs are taken together that are similar in action, such as barbiturates and alcohol, which are both depressants, an effect exaggerated out of proportion to that of each drug taken separately at the given dose may occur. This could be expressed by 1+1= 5. An example might be a person taking a dose of alcohol and a dose of a barbiturate. Normally, taken alone, neither substance would cause serious harm, but if taken together, the combination could cause coma or death.
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.
Additive effects
Example 1+1=2
Additive effect is the term used when two or more drugs are taken at the same time and the action of one plus the action of the other results in an action as if just one drug had been given. This could be represented by 1+1= 2. An example would be a barbiturate and a tranquilizer given together before surgery to relax the patient.
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone; it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another
Antagonistic effects
Example 1+1= less than 2
Antagonism is action in which two drugs given together will have an opposite effect on the body. This could be expressed by 1+1=0. An example might be the use of a tranquilizer to stop the action of LSD. Some stimulants will counteract the effects of depressants and thus are used to treat overdoses of barbiturates and narcotics.
Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer prescribed medication.
Adverse drug event
A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs
Adverse effects
Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose)
Adverse drug reaction
A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body
Agonist
An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event
Allergic reaction
A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route from 0% to 100%
Bioavailability
The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response
Duration of action
Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s own physiological processes as well as those related to drug metabolism
Enzymes
The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream
First pass effect
The name given to a drug by the United States adopted names counsel. Also called the non-proprietary name, much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark
Generic name
In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%
Half-life
An abnormal an unexpected response to a medication, other than allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient
Idiosyncratic reaction
The characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs
Incompatibility
Within a joint
Intra-articular
Within a sheath
Intrathecal
Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or healthcare professional; it may or may not cause patient harm
Medication error
The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects.
Medication use process
The chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical metabolic reactions involving the parent drug.
Metabolite(s)
Active metabolites are those that have pharmacological activity of their own, even if the parent job is in active.
Inactive metabolites lack pharmacological activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body
The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing
Onset of action
The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the bodies biochemical reactions into it’s active or inactive metabolites
Parent drug
A parent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself is called a prodrug. A prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites.
What is a parent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself?
A prodrug
The time required for a drug to reach it’s maximum therapeutic response in the body
Peak effect
The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring
Peak level
The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design
Pharmaceutics
The study of the biochemical and physiological interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors
Pharmacodynamics
The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug metabolizing enzymes
Pharmacogenetics
The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources
Pharmacognosy
The rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.
Pharmacokinetics
The broadest term for the study or science of drugs
Pharmacology
The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs
Pharmacotherapeutics
A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances and one or more corresponding cellular effects occurs as a result of this drug-receptor interaction
Receptor
The physiological state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose
Steady state
Substances on which an enzyme acts
Substrates
The process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of the patients drug exposure and allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity
Therapeutic drug monitoring
The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug
Therapeutic index
Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use
Tolerance
The quality of being poisonous
Toxic
The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities
Toxicity
The study of poisons, including toxic drug affects, and applicable treatments
Toxicology
The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacture; also called the proprietary name
Trade name
The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring
Trough level
