Pharacological Principles Vocab

Question 0

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual a fax of the same drugs given alone.

Answer 0

Synergistic effects

Example 1+1= greater than 2

If two drugs are taken together that are similar in action, such as barbiturates and alcohol, which are both depressants, an effect exaggerated out of proportion to that of each drug taken separately at the given dose may occur. This could be expressed by 1+1= 5. An example might be a person taking a dose of alcohol and a dose of a barbiturate. Normally, taken alone, neither substance would cause serious harm, but if taken together, the combination could cause coma or death.

Question 1

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.

Answer 1

Additive effects

Example 1+1=2

Additive effect is the term used when two or more drugs are taken at the same time and the action of one plus the action of the other results in an action as if just one drug had been given. This could be represented by 1+1= 2. An example would be a barbiturate and a tranquilizer given together before surgery to relax the patient.

Question 2

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone; it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another

Answer 2

Antagonistic effects

Example 1+1= less than 2

Antagonism is action in which two drugs given together will have an opposite effect on the body. This could be expressed by 1+1=0. An example might be the use of a tranquilizer to stop the action of LSD. Some stimulants will counteract the effects of depressants and thus are used to treat overdoses of barbiturates and narcotics.

Question 3

Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer prescribed medication.

Answer 3

Adverse drug event

Question 4

A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs

Answer 4

Adverse effects

Question 5

Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose)

Answer 5

Adverse drug reaction

Question 6

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

Answer 6

Agonist

Question 7

An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event

Answer 7

Allergic reaction

Question 8

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route from 0% to 100%

Answer 8

Bioavailability

Question 9

The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

Answer 9

Duration of action

Question 10

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s own physiological processes as well as those related to drug metabolism

Answer 10

Enzymes

Question 11

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream

Answer 11

First pass effect

Question 12

The name given to a drug by the United States adopted names counsel. Also called the non-proprietary name, much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark

Answer 12

Generic name

Question 13

In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%

Answer 13

Half-life

Question 14

An abnormal an unexpected response to a medication, other than allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient

Answer 14

Idiosyncratic reaction

Question 15

The characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs

Answer 15

Incompatibility

Question 16

Within a joint

Answer 16

Intra-articular

Question 17

Within a sheath

Answer 17

Intrathecal

Question 18

Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or healthcare professional; it may or may not cause patient harm

Answer 18

Medication error

Question 19

The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects.

Answer 19

Medication use process

Question 20

The chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical metabolic reactions involving the parent drug.

Answer 20

Metabolite(s)

Active metabolites are those that have pharmacological activity of their own, even if the parent job is in active.

Inactive metabolites lack pharmacological activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body

Question 21

The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

Answer 21

Onset of action

Question 22

The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the bodies biochemical reactions into it’s active or inactive metabolites

Answer 22

Parent drug

A parent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself is called a prodrug. A prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites.

Question 23

What is a parent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself?

Answer 23

A prodrug

Question 24

The time required for a drug to reach it’s maximum therapeutic response in the body

Answer 24

Peak effect

Question 25

The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

Answer 25

Peak level

Question 26

The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design

Answer 26

Pharmaceutics

Question 27

The study of the biochemical and physiological interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors

Answer 27

Pharmacodynamics

Question 28

The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug metabolizing enzymes

Answer 28

Pharmacogenetics

Question 29

The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources

Answer 29

Pharmacognosy

Question 30

The rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.

Answer 30

Pharmacokinetics

Question 31

The broadest term for the study or science of drugs

Answer 31

Pharmacology

Question 32

The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs

Answer 32

Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 33

A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances and one or more corresponding cellular effects occurs as a result of this drug-receptor interaction

Answer 33

Receptor

Question 34

The physiological state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

Answer 34

Steady state

Question 35

Substances on which an enzyme acts

Answer 35

Substrates

Question 36

The process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of the patients drug exposure and allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity

Answer 36

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Question 37

The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

Answer 37

Therapeutic index

Question 38

Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

Answer 38

Tolerance

Question 39

The quality of being poisonous

Answer 39

Toxic

Question 40

The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities

Answer 40

Toxicity

Question 41

The study of poisons, including toxic drug affects, and applicable treatments

Answer 41

Toxicology

Question 42

The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacture; also called the proprietary name

Answer 42

Trade name

Question 43

The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

Answer 43

Trough level