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The Psych Bible > Pgs 21-23 > Flashcards

Pgs 21-23 Flashcards

1
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

An inability to retrieve information from one’s past (#23)

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2
Q

Retroactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info (#23)

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3
Q

Risky shift phenomenon

A

The observed tendency of people to make more daring decisions when they are in groups than when they are alone (#23)

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4
Q

Robbers cave experiment

A

Done by Myzafer Sherif; intergroup conflict occurs when two groups are in competition for limited resources (#23)

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5
Q

Scatterplot: Correlations

A

Graphed cluster of dots each of which represents values of two variables; amount of scatter indicates strength of correlation (#23)

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6
Q

Schachter two-factor

A

Schacter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal (#23)

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7
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced (#23)

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8
Q

Schedules of reinforcement-

Continuous

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs (#23)

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9
Q

Schedules of reinforcement-

Fixed-Ratio

A

Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (#23)

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10
Q

Schedules of reinforcement-

Variable-Ratio

A

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (#23)

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11
Q

Schedules of reinforcement-

Fixed-Interval

A

Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (#23)

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12
Q

Schedules of reinforcement-

Variable-Interval

A

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (#23)

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13
Q

Schema

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets info (#23)

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14
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A group of sever disorders characterized by disorganized/delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions & inappropriate emotions/ behaviors (#23)

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15
Q

Schizophrenia subtypes-

Paranoid

A

Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations (#23)

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16
Q

Schizophrenia subtypes-

Disorganized

A

Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion (#23)

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17
Q

Schizophrenia subtypes-

Catatonic

A

Immobility, extreme negativism, and/or repeating another’s speech or movements (#23)

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18
Q

Schizophrenia subtypes-

Undifferentiated

A

Many and varied symptoms (#23)

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19
Q

Schizophrenia subtypes-

Residual

A

Withdrawal after hallucination or delusions have disappeared (#23)

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20
Q

Seasonal-Affective Disorder Treatment

A

Most common:

Psychotherapy, light therapy, or CBT (#23)

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21
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

Learned stimulus that reinforces desired behavior after being paired with a primary reinforcer (#23)

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22
Q

Selective Attention

A

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus (#23)

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23
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior (#22)

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24
Q

Prospective memory

A

Memory of things that one plans to do at a particular time in the future (#22)

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25
Q

Proximity (relationships)

A

Physical and psychological nearness to others tends to increase interpersonal liking (#23)

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26
Q

Prototype

A

A mental image or best example of a category (#22)

27
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance (#22)

28
Q

Random sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion (#22)

29
Q

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A

Confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions (#22)

30
Q

Reality principle

A

States that people feel compelled to defer instant gratification when necessary because of the obstacles of reality (#22)

31
Q

Recall

A

Measure of memory where one must retrieve info learned earlier (#22)

32
Q

Recency effect

A

When people are asked to recall in any order the items on a list, those that come at the end of the list are more likely to be recalled (#22)

33
Q

Recessive genes

A

Gene that can be masked by a dominant gene (#22)

34
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment (#22)

35
Q

Reciprocity norm

A

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them (#22)

36
Q

Reflex arc

A

The neural pathway which mediates a reflex action (#22)

37
Q

Refute

A

Method of proving that a theory or statement is invalid (#22)

38
Q

Reliability

A

The extent to which a test yields consistent results (through consistency of scores on two halves or on retesting) (#22)

39
Q

REM (paradoxical sleep)

A

Rapid eye moving sleep, a reoccurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur (#22)

40
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study to see if the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances (#22)

41
Q

Representative sample

A

Sample drawn from a population of interest and has demographics and characteristics that match those of the population in as many ways possible (#22)

42
Q

Representativeness heurist

A

When we estimate the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds (#22)

43
Q

Reticular formation

A

Nerve network that travels through the brainstem and controls arousal (#22)

44
Q

Post-traumatic Stress D/O (PTSD)

A

Haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, lingering for more than two weeks due to traumatic experience (#21)

45
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Located in the front of the frontal lobe, responsible for planing complex cognition behavior, decision making, and socializing (#21)

46
Q

Premack Principle

A

Preferred behaviors can be used as reward for less desired behaviors (#21)

47
Q

Primary Effect

A

Aka serial position; people recall first and last items better (#21)

48
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

Innately reinforcing stimulus, satisfying a biological need (#21)

49
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception memory, or response (#21)

50
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Tendency of previously learned material to hinder new learning (#21)

51
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Stores info for basic motor skills (#21)

52
Q

TAT

A

test that evaluates person’s patterns of thoughts, attitudes, and emotional responses (#21)

53
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

Used to analyze personality and conflicts (#21)

54
Q

Piaget’s cognitive stages

A 
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
(#21)
55
Q

Pineal gland

A

Small endocrine gland; produces melatonin (#21)

56
Q

Pitch

A

A tone’s highness or lowness; depends on frequency (#21)

57
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands (#21)

58
Q

Place theory

A

Sounds we hear coincide with stimulation of certain part of cochlea membrane (#21)

59
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone (#21)

60
Q

Plasticity

A

Brains ability to reorganize after damage (#21)

61
Q

Positive Symptoms D/O

A

Symptoms that are being placed upon a person (#21)

62
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting a stimulus that, when presented after a response. strengthens it (#21)

63
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Presenting a negative sequence after an undesired behavior (#21)

The Psych Bible (8 decks)

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