Pgs 11-14 Flashcards
IO psychology (Human factors, organizational and personnel)
An application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workspaces (#14)
Ingroup bias
The tendency to favor one’s own group (#14)
Inner ear (vestibular sense)
The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semi-circular canals, and vestibular sacs (#14)
Insight
A sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions (#14)
Instinct
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned (#14)
Instrumental Aggression
A premeditated aggressive action that is carried out to achieve a specific goal (#14)
Intelligence Quotient- I.Q.
Defined originally as the ration of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the avg performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100 (#14)
Intelligence test- 3 major
A method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores (#14)
Ex- Spearman’s g test, Gardner’s multiple intelligences, and Sternberg’s triarchic
Internal Locus of control
The perception that you control your own fate (#14)
Internalization
Unconscious mental processes where characteristics, beliefs, feelings, and attitudes of people are assimilated into your own life (#14)
Intrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake (#14)
Introspection
Looking inward/self-examination (#14)
Introvert
A shy, reticent person (#14)
James- Lange emotion
The theory of our experience of emotion is our awareness of our psychological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (#14)
Just-world Phenomenon
The tendency for people to believe that the world is just, and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get (#14)
Kinesthesis
The system for sensing the position of movement of individual body parts (#14)
Hypnosis-
Social Phenomenon
Noted that behaviors brought about through hypnosis can still be achieved even without the use of hypnosis. It is believed that the person being hypnotized is unconsciously playing the role of the subject. This means that they are doing what is asked because they feel like they must because it’s expected of them
Hypnosis-
Divided consciousness
There is more to hypnosis than just “playing the part”. Effects of hypnosis last long after the session is over with, and subjects display these traits even when they don’t know that they’re being watched (#13)
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying bella the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward (#13)
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture- image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second (#13)
Id
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification (#13)
Identical twin research
Researchers have used twin studies to try to disentangle the environmental and genetic backgrounds of a cornucopia of traits, from aggression to intelligence to schizophrenia to alcohol dependence (#13)
Illusory correlation
The assumption that a relationship exists between two variables that are really not related (#13)
Imagery
Visually descriptive or figurative language; visual images collectively; visual symbolism (#13)
Imaging techniques-
PET
(Positron emission tomography) scan a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task (#13)
Imaging techniques-
CAT
An X-ray image made using computerized axial tomography (#13)
Imaging techniques-
MRI
(Magnetic resonance imaging) a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer- generated images of soft tissue. Scans show brain anatomy (#13)
Imaging techniques-
FMRI
(Functional MRI) w technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scabs show brain function (#13)
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life (#13)
Incentives
A positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior (#13)
Independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied (#13)
Individualism
Giving priority to one’s own goals lever group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attitudes rather than group identification (#13)
Induced motion
An illusion of visual perception in which a stationary or a moving object appears to move or to move differently because of other moving objects nearby in the visual field (#13)
Inferential statistics
Provide ways of testing the reliability of the findings of a study and “inferring” characteristics from a small group of participants or people (your sample) onto much larger groups of people (the population) (#13)
Inferiority complex
The conscious or unconscious feeling that one is not as good as others (#13)
Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group over rides a realistic appraisal for alternatives (#12)
Gustatory sense
Sensation when taste buds in the tongue convey chemical composition information (#12)
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation (#12)
Haptic/Tactile memory
The form of sensory memory specific to touch stimuli/or connected with the sense of touch (#12)
Hawthorne effect (participant/response bias)
Individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed (#12)
Heuristics
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier, but also more error prone than algorithms (#12)
Hierarchy of needs (Maslow)
- Physiological needs- satisfy hunger and thirst
- Safety needs- world is organized and predictable
- Love and belongingness needs- love and to be loved
- Esteem needs- competence, recognition and respect from others
- Self-actualization- live up to our fullest and most unique potential
- Transcendence- meaning and identity beyond self
High vs Low self-monitors
High self-monitors tend to monitor their surroundings and change their behavior to fit in. Low self-monitors tend to use inner beliefs and values in deciding how to behave (#12)
Hinder
Create difficulties for someone or something resulting in delay or obstruction (#12)
Hindsight bias
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (I-knew-it-all-along-Phenomenon) (#12)
Histogram
A diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is proportional to the frequency of a variable and whose width is equal to the class interval (#12)
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state, the regulation of any body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level (#12)
Homogenic Bias
Ones perfection of outgroup members as more similar than are in group members (#12)
Hue
The dimension of color that is determined by wavelength of light (#12)
Hybrid
Something that derives from the elements of different origins (#12)
Gardner’s multiple intelligence
Interpersonal-group talking Intrapersonal-one on one therapy Musical-through music Kinesthetic-sense of position and movement of your body parts Logical mathematical- through logic Spatial- artistic ability Naturalistic-outdoors Verbal-speaking (#11)
Gate control pain theory
Theory about the perception of pain. Assets that non painful input closes the “gates” to painful inputs, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system (#11)
Gender typing
The accusation of a traditional masculine or feminine role (#11)
General adaptation response/syndrome
Selye’s concept of the bodies adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, exhaustion (#11)
Generalizability of a study
The extent to which finding from a study can be generalized to those in natural setting (#11)
Genotype
A person’s genetic code (#11)
Glial cells
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning or thinking (#11)
Goleman-emotional intelligence
Recognize, understand and manage our own emotions. Recognize, understand and Influence the emotions of others (#11)
Group therapy
Therapy conducted with groups rather than Individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction (#11)
Group polarization
The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within a group (#11)
Grouping
The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups (#11)
Proximity
Objects that are near or proximate to each other tend to be grouped together (#11)
Closure
An individuals desire for a firm answer to a question (#11)
Continuity
Visual tendency to create continuous figures (#11)
Connectedness
Perception of uniform or linked spots, lines or areas a single union (#11)
