Pg 161-177

Question 1

What is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult IVD?

Answer 1

the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of van Ebner

Question 2

What vertebral levels will the ALL attach to?

Answer 2

those between occiput and S3 inclusive are traditionally indicated

Question 3

What was the ossification of the ALL in the lumbar region identified as?

Answer 3

Forestier’s Disease

Question 4

What is the ossification of the ALL in the lumbar region now identified as?

Answer 4

diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis or DISH

Question 5

What is the innermost layer of the PLL called?

Answer 5

the perivertebral ligament

Question 6

Where is the ossification of the PLL most likely identified?

Answer 6

the cervical spine with and 80% incidence

Question 7

What is the gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with the ossification of the PLL?

Answer 7

it is greater in males over 50 and has a higher incidence in the Japanese

Question 8

What is the acronym for ossification of the PLL?

Answer 8

OPLL

Question 9

At one time ossification of the PLL was an example of what condition?

Answer 9

diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis or DISH

Question 10

In which region of the spine will the ligamentum flavum be paired?

Answer 10

the lumbar spine

Question 11

What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?

Answer 11

it is a yellow elastic ligament

Question 12

What is the function of the ligamentum flavum?

Answer 12

it brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

Question 13

What is now thought to be a major function of the ligamentum flavum?

Answer 13

it is an early prime factor in extension of the vertebral column

Question 14

Where is ossification of the ligamentum flavum most commonly identified?

Answer 14

the thoracic spine or thoracolumbar transition zone

Question 15

What regions of the vertebral column demonstrate the greatest laxity of capsular ligaments?

Answer 15

the cervical and lumbar regions

Question 16

If the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion what is its function?

Answer 16

it is probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement

Question 17

What are the names given to the superficial and deep layers of the ligamentum nuchae, respectively?

Answer 17

funicular layer and lamellar layer

Question 18

What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

Answer 18

the external occipital protuberance, external occipital crest, and the spinous tubercle of C7

Question 19

What is the histological makeup of the human ligamentum nuchae?

Answer 19

it is a yellow elastic ligament, but has more collagen fibers than in quadrupeds

Question 20

What is the primary yellow elastic or elastic nuchae of the spine?

Answer 20

ligamentum flavum

Question 21

What is the classic function of the human ligamentum nuchae?

Answer 21

it brakes or limits flexion of the cervical spine

same as ligamentum flavum except flavum is throughout the entire vertebral column

Question 22

What is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature?

Answer 22

primarily at L4 (73%)

between L4 and L5 (5%)

Question 23

What forms the ventral slip of the intertransverse ligament of the lumbar spine?

Answer 23

a membranous partition from the vertebral body covers the intervertebral foramen and extends back to the transverse process to form a ventral slip. it is penetrated by the contents of the intervertebral foramen.

Question 24

What forms the dorsal slip of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine?

Answer 24

a thick partition extends from the lamina and articular processes and extends laterally to blend with the ventral slip to form a septum separating the anterior muscles from the posterior muscles of the body wall

Question 25

What are the attachment sites for the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

Answer 25

arcuate rim of the posterior arch of C1 superior articular process of the lateral mass of C1 posterior margin of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone

Question 26

What are the attachment sites for the ponticulus posticus?

Answer 26

arcuate rim of the posterior arch of C1 superior articular process of the lateral mass of C1 (same as PAOL except not the posterior margin)

Question 27

What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?

Answer 27

Kimmerle's anomaly

Question 28

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

Answer 28

arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

Question 29

What amount of flexion-extension is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 29

about 25 degrees

Question 30

What amount of axial rotation is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 30

about 3-8 degrees one side axial rotation

Question 31

What amount of lateral bending is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 31

about 5 degrees

Question 32

What motion is best accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 32

flexion-extension

Question 33

What are the joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the anterior bursa?

Answer 33

the fovea dentis of C1 | facet for fovea dentis of C2

Question 34

What are the joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the posterior bursa?

Answer 34

the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament of C2 | the transverse atlantal ligament

Question 35

What histological feature is present on the anterior surface of the transverse atlantal ligament?

Answer 35

fibrocartilage at the surface of the ligament articulating with C2

Question 36

What is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament?

Answer 36

it is the primary stabilizer of the atlanto-axial joint restricting the distance of C2 from the anterior arch of C1

Question 37

What is the ADI?

Answer 37

the Atlanto-Dental Interspace, a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint

Question 38

What is the ADI of children compared to that of adults?

Answer 38

about 4.5mm in children | a range of 2-3mm or about 2.5mm in adults

Question 39

What are the attachment sites for the accessory atlanto-axial ligament?

Answer 39

the base of the odontoid process and the vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament on the lateral mass of C1; a superior continuation may attach on the occipital bone just behinf that of the alar ligament

Question 40

What ligament forms the medial, posterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen at C1/C2?

Answer 40

the posterior atlanto-axial ligament

Question 41

What are the degrees of movement facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 41

about 20 degrees flexion-extension 40 degrees one side axial rotation 5 degrees of lateral bending

Question 42

The occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?

Answer 42

about 60%

Question 43

What are the attachment sites for the apical ligament of the dens or apicodental ligament?

Answer 43

anterior margin of foramen magnum | tip of the odontoid process of C2

Question 44

What is the embryonic derivative of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?

Answer 44

the notochord

Question 45

What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the membrana tectoria of tectorial membrane?

Answer 45

the posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the capsular ligament of the atlanto-occipital joint and the cranial dura of the posterior cranial fossa

Question 46

What are the attachment sites for the deep layer of the membrana tectoria of tectorial membrane?

Answer 46

the posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the periosteum behind the cruciate ligament attachment site on the anterior rim of the foramen magnum

Question 47

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of motion allowed for each type of joint motion identified?

Answer 47

90 degrees flexion-extension 50 degrees one side lateral bending 33 degrees one side axial rotation

Question 48

What are the locations for the costovertebral joints on the vertebra?

Answer 48

the costocentral joint at the vertebral body and the costotransverse joint at the transverse process

Question 49

Costocentral radiate or stellate ligaments will attach the head of the rib to what structures?

Answer 49

both vertebral bodies of the costocentral joint and the IVD for ribs 1-9

Question 50

An intra-articular ligament will be identified with which ribs?

Answer 50

ribs 2-9

Question 51

Which vertebrae will have a synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) costotransverse joint?

Answer 51

typically T1-T10