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Spinal Final Exam > Pg 161-177 > Flashcards

Pg 161-177 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult IVD?

A

the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of van Ebner

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2
Q

What vertebral levels will the ALL attach to?

A

those between occiput and S3 inclusive are traditionally indicated

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3
Q

What was the ossification of the ALL in the lumbar region identified as?

A

Forestier’s Disease

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4
Q

What is the ossification of the ALL in the lumbar region now identified as?

A

diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis or DISH

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5
Q

What is the innermost layer of the PLL called?

A

the perivertebral ligament

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6
Q

Where is the ossification of the PLL most likely identified?

A

the cervical spine with and 80% incidence

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7
Q

What is the gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with the ossification of the PLL?

A

it is greater in males over 50 and has a higher incidence in the Japanese

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8
Q

What is the acronym for ossification of the PLL?

A

OPLL

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9
Q

At one time ossification of the PLL was an example of what condition?

A

diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis or DISH

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10
Q

In which region of the spine will the ligamentum flavum be paired?

A

the lumbar spine

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11
Q

What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?

A

it is a yellow elastic ligament

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12
Q

What is the function of the ligamentum flavum?

A

it brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

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13
Q

What is now thought to be a major function of the ligamentum flavum?

A

it is an early prime factor in extension of the vertebral column

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14
Q

Where is ossification of the ligamentum flavum most commonly identified?

A

the thoracic spine or thoracolumbar transition zone

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15
Q

What regions of the vertebral column demonstrate the greatest laxity of capsular ligaments?

A

the cervical and lumbar regions

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16
Q

If the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion what is its function?

A

it is probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement

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17
Q

What are the names given to the superficial and deep layers of the ligamentum nuchae, respectively?

A

funicular layer and lamellar layer

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18
Q

What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

the external occipital protuberance, external occipital crest, and the spinous tubercle of C7

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19
Q

What is the histological makeup of the human ligamentum nuchae?

A

it is a yellow elastic ligament, but has more collagen fibers than in quadrupeds

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20
Q

What is the primary yellow elastic or elastic nuchae of the spine?

A

ligamentum flavum

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21
Q

What is the classic function of the human ligamentum nuchae?

A

it brakes or limits flexion of the cervical spine

same as ligamentum flavum except flavum is throughout the entire vertebral column

22
Q

What is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature?

A

primarily at L4 (73%)

between L4 and L5 (5%)

23
Q

What forms the ventral slip of the intertransverse ligament of the lumbar spine?

A

a membranous partition from the vertebral body covers the intervertebral foramen and extends back to the transverse process to form a ventral slip. it is penetrated by the contents of the intervertebral foramen.

24
Q

What forms the dorsal slip of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine?

A

a thick partition extends from the lamina and articular processes and extends laterally to blend with the ventral slip to form a septum separating the anterior muscles from the posterior muscles of the body wall

25
Q

What are the attachment sites for the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

A

arcuate rim of the posterior arch of C1
superior articular process of the lateral mass of C1
posterior margin of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone

26
Q

What are the attachment sites for the ponticulus posticus?

A

arcuate rim of the posterior arch of C1
superior articular process of the lateral mass of C1
(same as PAOL except not the posterior margin)

27
Q

What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?

A

Kimmerle’s anomaly

28
Q

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

29
Q

What amount of flexion-extension is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

about 25 degrees

30
Q

What amount of axial rotation is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

about 3-8 degrees one side axial rotation

31
Q

What amount of lateral bending is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

about 5 degrees

32
Q

What motion is best accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

flexion-extension

33
Q

What are the joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the anterior bursa?

A

the fovea dentis of C1

facet for fovea dentis of C2

34
Q

What are the joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the posterior bursa?

A

the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament of C2

the transverse atlantal ligament

35
Q

What histological feature is present on the anterior surface of the transverse atlantal ligament?

A

fibrocartilage at the surface of the ligament articulating with C2

36
Q

What is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament?

A

it is the primary stabilizer of the atlanto-axial joint restricting the distance of C2 from the anterior arch of C1

37
Q

What is the ADI?

A

the Atlanto-Dental Interspace, a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint

38
Q

What is the ADI of children compared to that of adults?

A

about 4.5mm in children

a range of 2-3mm or about 2.5mm in adults

39
Q

What are the attachment sites for the accessory atlanto-axial ligament?

A

the base of the odontoid process and the vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament on the lateral mass of C1; a superior continuation may attach on the occipital bone just behinf that of the alar ligament

40
Q

What ligament forms the medial, posterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen at C1/C2?

A

the posterior atlanto-axial ligament

41
Q

What are the degrees of movement facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint?

A

about 20 degrees flexion-extension
40 degrees one side axial rotation
5 degrees of lateral bending

42
Q

The occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?

A

about 60%

43
Q

What are the attachment sites for the apical ligament of the dens or apicodental ligament?

A

anterior margin of foramen magnum

tip of the odontoid process of C2

44
Q

What is the embryonic derivative of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?

A

the notochord

45
Q

What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the membrana tectoria of tectorial membrane?

A

the posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the capsular ligament of the atlanto-occipital joint and the cranial dura of the posterior cranial fossa

46
Q

What are the attachment sites for the deep layer of the membrana tectoria of tectorial membrane?

A

the posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the periosteum behind the cruciate ligament attachment site on the anterior rim of the foramen magnum

47
Q

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of motion allowed for each type of joint motion identified?

A

90 degrees flexion-extension
50 degrees one side lateral bending
33 degrees one side axial rotation

48
Q

What are the locations for the costovertebral joints on the vertebra?

A

the costocentral joint at the vertebral body and the costotransverse joint at the transverse process

49
Q

Costocentral radiate or stellate ligaments will attach the head of the rib to what structures?

A

both vertebral bodies of the costocentral joint and the IVD for ribs 1-9

50
Q

An intra-articular ligament will be identified with which ribs?

A

ribs 2-9

51
Q

Which vertebrae will have a synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) costotransverse joint?

A

typically T1-T10

Spinal Final Exam (6 decks)

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