209-232 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the fourth layer of the scalp?
A
loose connective tissue layer
2
Q
What is the fifth layer of the scalp?
A
pericranium
3
Q
Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?
A
orbicularis oris, procerus and risorius
4
Q
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the face?
A
all 3 divisions: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve and mandibular nerve
5
Q
What landmark forms the apex of the orbit?
A
convergence of superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure
6
Q
What opening(s) are located along the superior wall of orbit?
A
optic canal
7
Q
What are the contents of optic canal?
A
optic nerve
opthalmic artery
8
Q
What bones form the medial wall of the orbit?
A
ethmoid
frontal
lacrimal
sphenoid
9
Q
What are the openings located along the medial wall of orbit?
A
anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina
10
Q
What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?
A
lamina papyracea
11
Q
What opening(s) are located along the lateral wall of the orbit?
A
superior orbital fissure
12
Q
What opening(s) are located along the inferior wall of orbit?
A
inferior orbital fissure
13
Q
What is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?
A
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
14
Q
What are the layers of the eyelid?
A
skin
orbicularis oculi muscle
tarsal plate/tarsus & palpebral conjunctiva
15
Q
What are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?
A
tarsal or Meibomian gland
16
Q
What is the location of Meibomian gland?
A
tarsus of eyelid
17
Q
What is the name of the modified sebaceous gland at the base of eyelash?
A
ciliary gland
18
Q
What are the parts of the lacrimal gland?
A
orbital and palpebral parts
19
Q
The lacrimal gland is an example of what classification of gland?
A
exocrine gland
20
Q
What is the single common characteristic of exocrine gland?
A
ducts drain product from secretory units of the gland
21
Q
Into what location will the lacrimal gland ducts open?
A
superior fornix
22
Q
What is the drainage pattern of tears?
A
lacrimal punctum lacrimal canaliculus lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct inferior nasal meatus
23
Q
What visceral efferent (VE) pathway is conveyed in the 7th (facial) cranial nerve?
A
parasympathetic motor (pathway)
24
Q
Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?
A
superior salivary nucleus
25
Preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of cranial nerve VII will exit the pons in what nerve?
nervus intermedius
nerve of Wrisberg
sensory root of facial nerve
26
Which immediate branch of seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland?
greater petrosal or greater superficial petrosal nerve
27
What is the continuation of the greater petrosal nerve of the seventh cranial nerve?
vidian nerve or nerve of pterygoid canal
28
What are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to lacrimal gland?
pterygopalatine (ganglion)
sphenopalatine (ganglion)
Meckel's (ganglion)
29
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the pterygopalatine, sphenopalatine or Meckel's ganglion will become incorporated in which cranial nerve branch?
maxillary nerve of the trigeminal
30
The zygomaticotemporal nerve will convey postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to lacrimal gland through a communication with which branch of 5th cranial nerve?
ophthalmic nerve
31
What is the branch from the ventral primary ramus that carries preganglionic sympathetic visceral efferent (VE) fibers to a paravertebral ganglion?
white ramus communicants
32
What is the pathways for the postganglionic sympathetic visceral efferent (VE) fiber to the lacrimal gland?
exits superior cervical ganglion via gray ramus communicants and joins internal carotid artery neurovascular plexus and continues along ophthalmic artery to lacrimal gland where it synapses
33
Sympathetic stimulation of lacrimal gland will result in what events?
vasoconstriction of blood vessels
limited availability of water to secretory units
more viscous or THICKER product formed in glandular lumen
34
Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
vasodilation of blood vessels
increased availability of water to secretory units
THINNER or more water product in lumen
constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into duct system
35
What are the names of the layers of eyeball?
fibrous tunic
uveal tract
retina
36
What are the parts of the uveal tract of eyeball?
iris
ciliary body
choroid
pupil
37
What are the receptor neurons of the second cranial nerve?
rod and cone photoreceptor cells
38
What is the function of rod cell?
provide vision in DIM light conditions
39
What is the function of cone cells?
provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision
40
What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?
rod cell
41
What is the primary afferent neuron of CN II?
bipolar cell
42
What is the secondary sensory neuron of CN II?
ganglion cell
43
What forms the optic nerve?
axons of ganglion cells
44
What is the location for tertiary neurons of visual pathway?
lateral geniculate nucleus
45
Axons from lateral geniculate nucleus will synapse in what specific location?
primary visual cortex
| calcarine sulcus of occipital lobe of cerebrum
46
What is the location of anterior chamber of eyeball?
between cornea and iris
47
What is contained in the *anterior AND posterior* chamber of eyeball?
aqueous humor
48
What is the name given to the chamber behind the lens?
vitreous chamber
49
What is the location of vitreous chamber?
behind the lens, in front of the retina
50
What fills the vitreous chamber?
vitreous body
51
What are the functions of vitreous body?
maintain retinal curvature
| allow minimal light distortion from lens to retina
52
What are the common characteristics in origin and insertion of all rectus extraocular muscles?
they all originate from a common annular tendon in orbit
| they all insert into the sclera in front of coronal equator of eyeball
53
What is the common characteristic regarding the insertion of both oblique extraocular muscles?
both insert onto sclera on lateral margin of eyeball behind coronal equator
54
At its apparent origin, cranial nerve III coneys which classifications of neural pathways?
somatic efferent (SE) and visceral efferent (VE) pathway
55
What is the source of innervation of specific intrinsic eye muscles?
parasympathetic fibers from oculomotor nerve- ciliaris
| sphincter pupillae sympathetic fibers from internal carotid artery plexus- dilator pupillae
56
What is/are the target organs(s) for the somatic efferent fibers carried in the third cranial nerve?
medial rectus
inferior rectus
superior rectus
inferior oblique extrinsic (muscles of eyeball)
levator palpebra superioris muscle of eyelid
57
Does the apparent origin of cranial nerve III contain somatic afferent fibers?
no
58
4th CN's apparent origin is from what location?
dorsal surface of midbrain
59
What unique feature of CN IV occurs within the midbrain?
it decussates
60
What are the two unique features of CN IV?
only cranial with apparent origin from dorsal surface of brain
only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the midbrain from its nucleus
61
Does the apparent origin of CN IV contain somatic afferent fibers?
no
62
What part of III, IV or VI CN contains somatic afferent (SA) fibers?
only distal part of nerve
63
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the III, IV or VI CN will communicate with which CN branch?
ophthalmic division of trigeminal
64
Typically, primary afferent neurons of III, IV or VI cranial nerve located in semilunar ganglion, Gasserian ganglion or trigeminal ganglion will synapse in what nucleus?
spinal trigeminal nucleus
65
Recently, peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the III, IV or VI cranial nerve have been shown to originate from primary afferent neurons in what location?
mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
66
What type of motor pathway innervates smooth muscle?
visceral afferent (VE)
67
Intrinsic muscles of the eyeball are innervated by which visceral efferent pathways?
ciliaris and sphincter pupilae are innervated by parasympathetic visceral efferents; dilator pupilae is innervated by sympathetic visceral efferents
68
Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in third cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?
accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger/Westphal
69
What is the location of synapse of preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve?
ciliary ganglion
70
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of third CN synapse in which nerve?
short ciliary nerve
71
What vessel supplies the inner tunic of eyeball?
central artery of retina
72
What are drainage patterns of superior ophthalmic vein?
into cavernous dural venous sinus or into facial vein
73
What are the drainage patterns of inferior ophthalmic vein?
into cavernous dural venous sinus or into pterygoid plexus
74
Which orbital vein drains into facial vein?
superior ophthalmic vein
75
Which orbital vein drains into pterygoid venous plexus?
inferior ophthalmic vein
76
For each of the following nerves, identify the opening by which the nerve enters the orbit; optic, oculomotor, trochlear, abducent, ophthalmic division of teigeminal, maxillary division of the trigeminal
optic- optic canal
oculomotor- superior orbital fissure
trochlear- superior orbital fissure
abducent- superior orbital fissure
ophthalmic division of teigeminal- superior orbital fissure
maxillary division of the trigeminal- inferior orbital fissure
77
What openings will the maxillary nerve pass through to supply the cheek?
foramen rotundum
inferior orbital fissure
infraorbital foramen
78
Sensory innervation of auricle is derived from which nerves?
greater auricular (ventral rami C2 C3)
lesser occipital nerve (ventral rami C2, possibly C3)
auriculotemporal nerve (mandibular division, trigeminal)
posterior auricular cutaneous nerve (facial)
auricular nerve (vagus)
79
The lateral third of external acoustic meatus is protected by?
cartilage
80
Skin lining the external acoustic meatus contains what modified sebaceous glands?
ceruminous glands
81
What tooth will the parotid gland duct/Stenten's duct open near?
second maxillary molar
82
What vein is formed within the parotid gland?
retromandibular vein
83
What branch of facial nerve penetrates the parotid gland, but is not given off within it?
chorda tympani nerve
