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Spinal Final Exam > 209-232 > Flashcards

209-232 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fourth layer of the scalp?

A

loose connective tissue layer

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2
Q

What is the fifth layer of the scalp?

A

pericranium

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3
Q

Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?

A

orbicularis oris, procerus and risorius

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4
Q

Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the face?

A

all 3 divisions: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve and mandibular nerve

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5
Q

What landmark forms the apex of the orbit?

A

convergence of superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure

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6
Q

What opening(s) are located along the superior wall of orbit?

A

optic canal

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7
Q

What are the contents of optic canal?

A

optic nerve

opthalmic artery

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8
Q

What bones form the medial wall of the orbit?

A

ethmoid
frontal
lacrimal
sphenoid

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9
Q

What are the openings located along the medial wall of orbit?

A

anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina

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10
Q

What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?

A

lamina papyracea

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11
Q

What opening(s) are located along the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

superior orbital fissure

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12
Q

What opening(s) are located along the inferior wall of orbit?

A

inferior orbital fissure

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13
Q

What is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?

A

maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

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14
Q

What are the layers of the eyelid?

A

skin
orbicularis oculi muscle
tarsal plate/tarsus & palpebral conjunctiva

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15
Q

What are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?

A

tarsal or Meibomian gland

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16
Q

What is the location of Meibomian gland?

A

tarsus of eyelid

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17
Q

What is the name of the modified sebaceous gland at the base of eyelash?

A

ciliary gland

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18
Q

What are the parts of the lacrimal gland?

A

orbital and palpebral parts

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19
Q

The lacrimal gland is an example of what classification of gland?

A

exocrine gland

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20
Q

What is the single common characteristic of exocrine gland?

A

ducts drain product from secretory units of the gland

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21
Q

Into what location will the lacrimal gland ducts open?

A

superior fornix

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22
Q

What is the drainage pattern of tears?

A 
lacrimal punctum
lacrimal canaliculus
lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct
inferior nasal meatus
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23
Q

What visceral efferent (VE) pathway is conveyed in the 7th (facial) cranial nerve?

A

parasympathetic motor (pathway)

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24
Q

Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?

A

superior salivary nucleus

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25
Q

Preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of cranial nerve VII will exit the pons in what nerve?

A

nervus intermedius
nerve of Wrisberg
sensory root of facial nerve

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26
Q

Which immediate branch of seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland?

A

greater petrosal or greater superficial petrosal nerve

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27
Q

What is the continuation of the greater petrosal nerve of the seventh cranial nerve?

A

vidian nerve or nerve of pterygoid canal

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28
Q

What are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to lacrimal gland?

A

pterygopalatine (ganglion)
sphenopalatine (ganglion)
Meckel’s (ganglion)

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29
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the pterygopalatine, sphenopalatine or Meckel’s ganglion will become incorporated in which cranial nerve branch?

A

maxillary nerve of the trigeminal

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30
Q

The zygomaticotemporal nerve will convey postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to lacrimal gland through a communication with which branch of 5th cranial nerve?

A

ophthalmic nerve

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31
Q

What is the branch from the ventral primary ramus that carries preganglionic sympathetic visceral efferent (VE) fibers to a paravertebral ganglion?

A

white ramus communicants

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32
Q

What is the pathways for the postganglionic sympathetic visceral efferent (VE) fiber to the lacrimal gland?

A

exits superior cervical ganglion via gray ramus communicants and joins internal carotid artery neurovascular plexus and continues along ophthalmic artery to lacrimal gland where it synapses

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33
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of lacrimal gland will result in what events?

A

vasoconstriction of blood vessels
limited availability of water to secretory units
more viscous or THICKER product formed in glandular lumen

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34
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

A

vasodilation of blood vessels
increased availability of water to secretory units
THINNER or more water product in lumen
constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into duct system

35
Q

What are the names of the layers of eyeball?

A

fibrous tunic
uveal tract
retina

36
Q

What are the parts of the uveal tract of eyeball?

A

iris
ciliary body
choroid
pupil

37
Q

What are the receptor neurons of the second cranial nerve?

A

rod and cone photoreceptor cells

38
Q

What is the function of rod cell?

A

provide vision in DIM light conditions

39
Q

What is the function of cone cells?

A

provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

40
Q

What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?

A

rod cell

41
Q

What is the primary afferent neuron of CN II?

A

bipolar cell

42
Q

What is the secondary sensory neuron of CN II?

A

ganglion cell

43
Q

What forms the optic nerve?

A

axons of ganglion cells

44
Q

What is the location for tertiary neurons of visual pathway?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

45
Q

Axons from lateral geniculate nucleus will synapse in what specific location?

A

primary visual cortex

calcarine sulcus of occipital lobe of cerebrum

46
Q

What is the location of anterior chamber of eyeball?

A

between cornea and iris

47
Q

What is contained in the anterior AND posterior chamber of eyeball?

A

aqueous humor

48
Q

What is the name given to the chamber behind the lens?

A

vitreous chamber

49
Q

What is the location of vitreous chamber?

A

behind the lens, in front of the retina

50
Q

What fills the vitreous chamber?

A

vitreous body

51
Q

What are the functions of vitreous body?

A

maintain retinal curvature

allow minimal light distortion from lens to retina

52
Q

What are the common characteristics in origin and insertion of all rectus extraocular muscles?

A

they all originate from a common annular tendon in orbit

they all insert into the sclera in front of coronal equator of eyeball

53
Q

What is the common characteristic regarding the insertion of both oblique extraocular muscles?

A

both insert onto sclera on lateral margin of eyeball behind coronal equator

54
Q

At its apparent origin, cranial nerve III coneys which classifications of neural pathways?

A

somatic efferent (SE) and visceral efferent (VE) pathway

55
Q

What is the source of innervation of specific intrinsic eye muscles?

A

parasympathetic fibers from oculomotor nerve- ciliaris

sphincter pupillae sympathetic fibers from internal carotid artery plexus- dilator pupillae

56
Q

What is/are the target organs(s) for the somatic efferent fibers carried in the third cranial nerve?

A

medial rectus
inferior rectus
superior rectus
inferior oblique extrinsic (muscles of eyeball)
levator palpebra superioris muscle of eyelid

57
Q

Does the apparent origin of cranial nerve III contain somatic afferent fibers?

A

no

58
Q

4th CN’s apparent origin is from what location?

A

dorsal surface of midbrain

59
Q

What unique feature of CN IV occurs within the midbrain?

A

it decussates

60
Q

What are the two unique features of CN IV?

A

only cranial with apparent origin from dorsal surface of brain
only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the midbrain from its nucleus

61
Q

Does the apparent origin of CN IV contain somatic afferent fibers?

A

no

62
Q

What part of III, IV or VI CN contains somatic afferent (SA) fibers?

A

only distal part of nerve

63
Q

Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the III, IV or VI CN will communicate with which CN branch?

A

ophthalmic division of trigeminal

64
Q

Typically, primary afferent neurons of III, IV or VI cranial nerve located in semilunar ganglion, Gasserian ganglion or trigeminal ganglion will synapse in what nucleus?

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus

65
Q

Recently, peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the III, IV or VI cranial nerve have been shown to originate from primary afferent neurons in what location?

A

mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve

66
Q

What type of motor pathway innervates smooth muscle?

A

visceral afferent (VE)

67
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the eyeball are innervated by which visceral efferent pathways?

A

ciliaris and sphincter pupilae are innervated by parasympathetic visceral efferents; dilator pupilae is innervated by sympathetic visceral efferents

68
Q

Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in third cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?

A

accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger/Westphal

69
Q

What is the location of synapse of preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve?

A

ciliary ganglion

70
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of third CN synapse in which nerve?

A

short ciliary nerve

71
Q

What vessel supplies the inner tunic of eyeball?

A

central artery of retina

72
Q

What are drainage patterns of superior ophthalmic vein?

A

into cavernous dural venous sinus or into facial vein

73
Q

What are the drainage patterns of inferior ophthalmic vein?

A

into cavernous dural venous sinus or into pterygoid plexus

74
Q

Which orbital vein drains into facial vein?

A

superior ophthalmic vein

75
Q

Which orbital vein drains into pterygoid venous plexus?

A

inferior ophthalmic vein

76
Q

For each of the following nerves, identify the opening by which the nerve enters the orbit; optic, oculomotor, trochlear, abducent, ophthalmic division of teigeminal, maxillary division of the trigeminal

A

optic- optic canal
oculomotor- superior orbital fissure
trochlear- superior orbital fissure
abducent- superior orbital fissure
ophthalmic division of teigeminal- superior orbital fissure
maxillary division of the trigeminal- inferior orbital fissure

77
Q

What openings will the maxillary nerve pass through to supply the cheek?

A

foramen rotundum
inferior orbital fissure
infraorbital foramen

78
Q

Sensory innervation of auricle is derived from which nerves?

A

greater auricular (ventral rami C2 C3)
lesser occipital nerve (ventral rami C2, possibly C3)
auriculotemporal nerve (mandibular division, trigeminal)
posterior auricular cutaneous nerve (facial)
auricular nerve (vagus)

79
Q

The lateral third of external acoustic meatus is protected by?

A

cartilage

80
Q

Skin lining the external acoustic meatus contains what modified sebaceous glands?

A

ceruminous glands

81
Q

What tooth will the parotid gland duct/Stenten’s duct open near?

A

second maxillary molar

82
Q

What vein is formed within the parotid gland?

A

retromandibular vein

83
Q

What branch of facial nerve penetrates the parotid gland, but is not given off within it?

A

chorda tympani nerve

Spinal Final Exam (6 decks)

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