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Spinal Final Exam > Pg 153-160 > Flashcards

Pg 153-160 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the maximum number of common ligaments identified with a vertebral couple?

A

8

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2
Q

What is the reason 9 common ligaments are identified but only 8 will be attached at any specific vertebral couple?

A

the ligament nuchae and supraspinous ligaments attach to the spinous tubercles, but only one of these will be identified at a single vertebral couple

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3
Q

What is the number of true intervertebral discs identified in the adult?

A

23

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4
Q

What is the percent of intervertebral disc height contribution to the length of each region of the vertebral column?

A

cervical 22-25%thoracic 20%lumbar 33%

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5
Q

What is the cervical nucleus pulposus COMPOSED of?

A

fibrocartilage

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6
Q

What is the water concentration in the lumbar nucleus pulposus at birth and after 30?

A

birth 88%

30 70%

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7
Q

What is the organization pattern for glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus?

A

they typically lack a binding site for hyaluronic acid and are thus non-aggregated (nucleus non)

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8
Q

What cell is associated with the nucleus pulposus until about 11 years old?

A

notochord cells

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9
Q

Which type of collagen is dominant in the nucleus pulposus?

A

collagen type II

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10
Q

What is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus?

A

it lacks any lamellar or layered organization

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11
Q

What is the appearance of the cervical annulus fibrosus?

A

a horse-shoe with the anterior margin thick and the lateral margins tapering to the uncinate processes; the posterior margin in thin

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12
Q

What compensates for the thinness of the posterior part of the cervical annulus fibrosus?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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13
Q

What is the organization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

A

it has 12-14 concentric cylindrical lamellae

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14
Q

Why is the posterior part of the lumbar annulus fibrosus more susceptible to rupture, herniation, prolapse, or protrusion?

A

the posterior margin of each lamellus is thin and the posterior longitudinal ligament is also less developed

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15
Q

What is the water concentration in the lumbar annulus fibrosus at birth and after 30?

A

birth 78%–> 10 less than lumbar nucleus pulposus

30 70%–>same as lumbar nucleus pulposus

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16
Q

What is the organization pattern from the glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

A

they typically have a binding site for hyaluronic acid and are thus aggregated (annulus aggregated)

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17
Q

What is the consequences of aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

A

the annulus fibrosus will retain water under deformation conditions

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18
Q

What type of collagen is dominant in the annulus fibrosus?

A

collagen type I (a is first in the alphabet)

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19
Q

What is the organization pattern for collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus?

A

they are parallel with one another in a single lamellus and angled

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20
Q

What is the organization pattern for collagen fibers between lamellae?

A

collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral- counterspiral organization is observed

21
Q

What is the average angle of collagen fibers within the annulus fibrosus?

A

they average 50-60 degrees

22
Q

What is the ORIGIN for the cells of the annulus fibrosus?

A

sclerotomites

23
Q

What CELL type is associated with the annulus fibrosus?

A

fibroblast and fibrocyte

24
Q

What is the cartilage end plate derived from?

A

the epiphyseal plate

25
Q

What part of the vertebral body will the cartilage end plate cover?

A

the cancellous bone (spongy bone) at the top or bottom of the vertebral body

26
Q

What is the principal type of collagen fiber within the cartilage end plate?

A

collagen fiber type II

27
Q

What is the direction of collagen fibers within the cartilage end plate?

A

collagen fibers are aligned anterior to posterior

28
Q

What is the earliest indicator of the intervertebral disc (IVD) pathology or degeneration?

A

changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate

29
Q

What part of the IVD is innervated?

A

the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus

30
Q

What part of the cervical IVD is highly innervated?

A

the middle third of the annulus fibrosus

31
Q

What are the types of receptor endings in the IVD?

A

nociceptors and proprioceptors

32
Q

What is the relationship between size of the IVD and receptor endings?

A

the larger the disc, the greater the variety of receptor endings

33
Q

What is the proposed function of receptor ending density in the anterior part of the IVD?

A

they provide feedback during extension

34
Q

What are the sources of innervation of the IVD?

A

the sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral nerve, recurrent meningeal nerve)
fibers from the ventral primary ramus
fibers from the white rams communicans
fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans
fibers from the gray ramus communicans

35
Q

What nerves have been shown to give off sinus vertebral/sinu-vertebral/recurrent meningeal nerve?

A

the mixed spinal nerve, ventral primary ramus, dorsal primary ramus, gray ramus communicans, and white ramus communicans have all been implicated

36
Q

The recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve has typically been shown to originate from what source?

A

the gray ramus communicans

37
Q

What part of the IVD is innervated by the recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve?

A

the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the POSTERIOR part of the IVD

38
Q

What forms the anterior neural plexus of the vertebral column?

A

fibers from the ventral primary ramus

39
Q

Which part of the IVD is innervated by fibers from the ventral primary ramus?

A

the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the ANTERIOR and LATERAL part of the IVD

40
Q

What innervates the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the IVD?

A

fibers from the ventral primary ramus
fibers from the white ramus communicans
fibers from the paradisiacal ramus communicans
fibers from the gray ramus communicans

41
Q

What part of the IVD is innervated by fibers from the white ramus communicans?

A

the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the LATERAL part of the IVD

42
Q

What is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the IVD?

A

the paradiscal ramus communicans

43
Q

How does the IVD attach to the vertebral body?

A

Sharpey’s fibers from the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus are firmly embedded into the epiphyseal rims of the adjacent vertebral bodies

44
Q

In what regions of the vertebral column is the space formed between vertebral bodies by the IVD the greatest?

A

the cervical and lumbar regions

45
Q

Which curve direction will be associated with the greatest space observed between vertebral bodies?

A

the lordotic or anterior curves

46
Q

What traditionally either replaces or supports the posterior annulus fibrosus?

A

the posterior longitudinal ligament

47
Q

What part of the thoracic spine is most susceptible to herniation?

A

the segments below T8

48
Q

What is the popular theory of intra-abdominal cavity pressure and IVD response to weight bearing?

A

increasing the intra-abdominal cavity pressure will diminish the amount go resistance the IVD needs to generate by up to 50%

49
Q

Based on histology, what is the classification of the IVD

A

a catilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

Spinal Final Exam (6 decks)

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