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Psych 111 > Personality & Psychopathology > Flashcards

Personality & Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

temperament

A

inherited physiological processes that predispose a child to display certain behaviors and emotions in particular contexts

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2
Q

kagan’s research

A

proves that temperament can predict personality in certain situations

inclination for shyness or outgoingness can be predicted by an infants reaction to stimuli

if an infant is irritable or stressed by the stimuli, they will most likely be shy

if an infant is still in face of stimuli, most likely outgoing

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3
Q

Difference between theories of attachment and Kagan’s research

A

Kagan believes that biological temperament can predict personality

Theories of attachment state that attachment style to the mother can predict future personality

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4
Q

personality

A

pattern of psychological qualities and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared to other people by

personality is more what we project to others than temperament

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5
Q

5 theories of pesonality

A

1) Dispositional (trait) approach
2) Behavioral approach
3) Cognitive-behavorial
4) Phenomenological/humanistic
5) Psychodynamic

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6
Q

traits

A

define a person’s relatively stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

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7
Q

Big 5 Personality dimensions

A 
five crucial dimensions of personality determined through factor analysis of trait terms:
extraversion
neuroticism
agreeableness
conscientiousness
openness to experience
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8
Q

How are the Big 5 personality dimensions normally measured?

A

by self-reporting and informant data

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9
Q

personality paradox

A

people behave differently in different situations

ex: may be outgoing with friends and shy at work

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10
Q

Self-Monitoring Scale

A

a personality measure that seeks to determine the degree to which a person alters or adjusts their behavior in order to act appropriately in new circumstances

ex: Mr. Ripley has high degree of self-monitoring

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11
Q

Genetic influence on personality

A

there is a high level of association in the Big Five Traits of monozygotic twins

shows that there is a genetic influence on personality

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12
Q

National character

A

the idea that people in different cultures have different personalities

ex: neuroticism is geographically distributed across the US

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13
Q

Psychogenic symptoms

A

Symptoms believed to result from some psychological cause rather than from tissue damage

Freud believed in psychological causes to hysteria rather than tissue damage

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14
Q

What did Freud believe about human nature?

A

He was pessimistic

Believes that natural tendencies are bad when we are motivated towards immediate satisfaction

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15
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, a mechanism of defense by which thoughts, impulses, or memories that give rise to anxiety are pushed out of consciousness

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16
Q

psychoanalysis

A

a theory of human personality development formulated by Freud, based on assertions about unconscious conflict and early psychosexual development

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17
Q

ID

A

most primitive reactions of human personality

focuses on immediate biological satistifaction and the pleasure-seeking principle

ID is unconscious

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18
Q

Pleasure seeking principle

A

satisfaction now and not later, regardless of the cost

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19
Q

ego

A

a set of reactions that try to reconcile ID-driven needs with actual realities of the world (reality principle)

makes up preconscious and conscious

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20
Q

superego

A

reaction patterns that emerge from within the ego

represent internalized societal rules

come to control the ego by punishment and guilt

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21
Q

Different types of defense mechanisms

A

1) displacement
2) reaction formation
3) rationalization
4) projection

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22
Q

Displacement

A

a redirection of an impulse from a blocked channel to another, more available outlet

23
Q

Reaction formation

A

a mechanism of defense in which a forbidden impulse is turned into its opposite

24
Q

Rationalization

A

a mechanism where forbidden impulses are reinterpreted into more acceptable and less anxiety arousing impulses

25
Q

Projection

A

a mechanism of defense where forbidden thoughts and impulses are attributed to another person rather than the self

26
Q

collective unconscious

A

part of the unconscious mind that is shared by all human beings

27
Q

Humanistic approach to personality

A

what is most important is how people achieve their own selfhood and actualize their potential

28
Q

Phenomenology

A

the study of each person’s own, unique first-person conscious experience

29
Q

self theory

A

Carl Roger’s theory of personality which emphasizes the individuals active attempts to satisfy his needs in a way that is consistent with his self-concept

30
Q

Social cognitive approach to personality

A

focus on various cognitive characteristics along which personalities may differ

31
Q

Development of the Self

A

At birth, there is the implicit “I” experience

Move towards the explicit “me” experience (money, family, other outside factors)

32
Q

What does Rochat’s research on the development of the self try to show?

A

Babies are not born in confusion, but with a sense of who we are (debunks Piaget and Freud)

33
Q

What 3 aspect does the social cognitive approach emphasize?

A

Control- being in control of your actions
Attributional style- how you talk about events in your life
Self-control- being able to delay gratification

34
Q

psychopathology

A

the study of mental illness and mental disorders

35
Q

General models of mental illness

A 
Demonological 
Medical
Psychodynamic
Behavorial 
Phenomenological 
Diathesis
36
Q

Psychodynamic approach to mental illness

A

reconstruct infantile trauma and repression

37
Q

How do we assess mental illness?

A

clinical interview, self-report, behavorial observation, and neuropsych tests

38
Q

Diathesis-stress model of mental illness

A

a conception of psychopathology that distinguishes factors that create a risk of illness (diathesis, predisposition) and factors that trigger the risk into a problem (stress)

39
Q

multi-causal model of mental illness

A

a conception of mental illness arising from many different factors

40
Q

Biopsychosocial

A

a perspective on psychopathology that emphasizes the biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to mental illness

41
Q

Elyn Saks

A

offers first person perspective on living with schizoprenia

is an example of a phenomenlogical approach (first-hand account of self)

42
Q

Somatogenic hypothesis

A

early thoughts on mental disease that disorders are the result of a specific injury or infection

43
Q

Psychogenic hypothesis

A

offered by freud

approach to psychopathology that argues that mental disorders are rooted in psychological processes

44
Q

Examples of anxiety disorders

A

Phobias, panic disorder, general anxiety disorder, OCD, PTSH

45
Q

Mood disorders

A

a group of disorders distinguished primarily by changes in positive and negative affective states

46
Q

exampls of mood disorders

A

depression and bipolar disorder

47
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a group of severe mental disorders characterized by at least some of the following: marked disturbance of thought, withdrawal, inappropriate or flat emotions, delusions and hallucinations

48
Q

Psychosis

A

loss of contact with reality, most often evidenced as delusions or hallucinations

seen in schizophrenics

49
Q

Positive schizophrenic symptoms

A

behaviors not evident in healthy people

halucinations, delusions, etc.

50
Q

Negative schizophrenic symptoms

A

behaviors in healthy people that are absent

ex: emotional expression

51
Q

Cognitive schizophrenic symptoms

A

impairment in working memory and attentional control

52
Q

What causes schizophrenia?

A

Genetic predisposition, diminished O2 supply, prenatal infections

this is a neurodevelopment disorder (early brain abnormalities)

53
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

involve extreme responses to horrific events

Psych 111 (6 decks)

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