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Psych 111 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Metaphysical questioning

A

Seeking first principles of nature

the search for overarching and universal principles

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2
Q

What two things does psych work to do?

A

Understand and also control (change) the human experience

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3
Q

Pyschology

A

the systematic study of behavior and experience

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4
Q

Different types of psych professions

A

1) addressing basic research questions
2) clinical psych
3) how to enhance productivity (advertisements/military)

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5
Q

Different domains within psychology

A

Physiology, physics, philosophy, medicine, sociology, and biology

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6
Q

Unification of psychology

A

psychology is unified by it’s variety of perspectives on psychological phenomenon

can look at things through many different lenses

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7
Q

Science

A

knowledge that is sanctioned by a certain method

data-driven

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8
Q

Systematic scientific method

A

define a problem in measureable terms
observe based on fact
analyze with statistics and classification
Interpretation and replicate

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9
Q

3 basic scientific approaches in psych

A

1) Nautralistic observation
2) Case study
3) Experimental method

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10
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

no manipulation of population you are studying, do not impose treatment

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11
Q

Case study

A

systematic observation of an individual or a few individuals

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12
Q

Experimental method

A

manipulate variables/impose treatment and compare to control

determine the relationship between the dependent and independent variable

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13
Q

Scientific truth

A

is an approximation, is replicable, is flasifiable

it is agreed upon through consensual language

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14
Q

How can you compare the outcome of nature versus nurture??

A

Use a Twin study

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15
Q

What type of twins to use for a twin study?

A

Monozygotic twins

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16
Q

What separates humans from other animal behavior??

A

Humans have a language with grammar and syntax

Humans can self reflect and talk about metaphysical things

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17
Q

Inhibitory function

A

ability to refrain from natural urges

animals and humans possess this

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18
Q

3 conditions for natural selection

A

1) Variation among individuals within a population
2) Some traits are more fit for survival than others
3) Traits are inheritable

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19
Q

Ultimate survival

A

gene survives through evolution

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20
Q

Proximate survival

A

the individual survives

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21
Q

Can evolution happen quickly?

A

Yes in example of fish developing armour

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22
Q

Motivated action behavior

A

like feeding, fighting, fleeing and sex

thought to have evolutionary roots

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23
Q

What shows that human behavior can be inherited?

A

Basic emotional expressions are universal

such as everyone smiles

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24
Q

Dias + Ressler Study

A

Mice inherit specific memories due to epigenitics

A traumatic event can influence the DNA in sperm and future generations are predisposed to the same traumatic event

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25
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Foreman who got a rod stuck in front lobe

Before accident he was friendly, after he was argumentative and obstinate

Shows how the brain’s functioning can trickle down to a basic level (brain affects function)

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26
Q

Jody Miller

A

Became epileptic at around 3 years old

Electrical explosions in right side of brain left her left side of her body unable to function

Brain’s plasticity allowed it to change shape and connections

Shows the resiliency of the brain

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27
Q

Who started the secular approach to studying the brain?

A

Descartes in 17th century difference between mind and body

Reflex concept

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28
Q

Phrenology

A

Franz Joseph Gall

External bump on head reflects differences in individuals brain/disposition

Example of trying to link the mind to the body

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29
Q

What is an example of modern day phrenology?

A

We basically do indepth phrenology with MRIs

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30
Q

What is the basic unit of communication?

A

Neuron

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31
Q

Neuron is composed of

A

Dendrites connected to cell body connected to axon which is connected to axon terminal

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32
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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33
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

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34
Q

Communication among neurons

A

cell membrane potential is highly unstable

when the difference in potential electric charge is greater than the threshold an action potential activates on neuron to another

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35
Q

Action potential mechanics

A

interior of cell temporarily reaches slightly less negative . (-55 instead of -70mV)

Go from -55 to fully positive (no inbetween, all/nothing)

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36
Q

Synapes

A

at terminal ending of neuron, neurotransmitters move from axon terminals to dendrites

if dendrites accept neurotransmitters, another action potential is triggered

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37
Q

What type of processes are action potentials?

A

Binary

all or nothing mechanism

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38
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters after action potential is fired?

A

some are inactivated by a “cleanup enzyme”

other are reused by synaptic uptake

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39
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters

A

dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine

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40
Q

Subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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41
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

skin, muscles, joints that connect spine to brain

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42
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

glands and internal organs connect to the spine/brain

uses hormones for long distance signaling

broken into sympathethic or para-sympathetic

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43
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

directs the body’s rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations

constricts pupils, boosts heart, erection

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44
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest system

conserves energy as it slows heart rate, increases gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in GI tract

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45
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of internal environment of the organism

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46
Q

Hind brain

A

subconscious, primary functions like breathing and heartbeats

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47
Q

Midbrain

A

coordinates motion, relays information to other sites

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48
Q

Forebrain

A

associated with human consciousness

cortical and subcortical

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49
Q

The Cortex

A

part of the forebrain

3mm thick, makes up 89% of total brain volume

Very compact (folded and wrinkled)

2 hemispheres and 4 paired lobes

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50
Q

What are the brain’s 4 lobes?

A

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

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51
Q

Occipital lobe

A

determines vision

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52
Q

Frontal lobe

A

linked to executive function

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53
Q

Parietal lobe

A

processes sensory information as well as processing language and mathematics

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54
Q

Temporal lobe

A

sound is processed

auditory and speech comprehension systems are located

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55
Q

What connects the left and right brain?

A

corpus callosum

corpus callosum size could potentially indicate schizophrenia

2 halves work as an integrated whole and are generally similar

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56
Q

What is right brain involved with?

A

more creativity

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57
Q

What is left brain involved with?

A

logic and analytics and language

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58
Q

Subcortal brain structures

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

limbic system

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59
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station for sensory information

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60
Q

Hypothalamus

A

eating, drinking, aggession, sexual behavior

releases hormones and controls body temperature

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61
Q

Limbic system

A

learning, memory, and emotion

has the hippocampus and amygodala

62
Q

How do we record the brain?

A

MRI/CT studies anatomy

PET/PMRI studies activity of the brain through bloodflow

63
Q

Sensation

A

the raw data

the psychological phenomena involving an awareness of physical stimulation

64
Q

What is the flow of sensation?

A

1) External stimulus energy
2) Amplification of stimulus
3) Transduction to impulse
4) Coding of sensation
5) Interaction with the rest of system

65
Q

More big picture flow of sensation

A

Stimulation
Sensation
Perception
Representation (knowledge)

66
Q

Psychophysics

A

works on relationship between physical energy and what we actually experience

67
Q

Weber’s law

A

the size of the difference threshold of stimulus is a constant ratio of the standard stimulus

need a lot of physical energy to detect smaller changes

68
Q

Fechner’s law

A

the strength of a sensation grows as the logarithm of stimulus intensity

strength vs intensity

eventually plateaus

69
Q

Proximal stimulation

A

need to have contact to stimulus

70
Q

Types of proximal stimulation

A

Kinesthesis of preoprioception: skeletal movements
Vestibular sense: sense of relative stability
Taste/gustatory sense
Skin sense (pressure, temp, pain)

71
Q

Distal stimulation

A

don’t need to touch stimulus

72
Q

Types of distal stimulation

A

olfaction
audition (frequency, pitch, sound)
vision (color, contrast, movement)

73
Q

What is true of detection features?

A

they are very specialized

74
Q

Perception

A

the meaning making process of sensory experience

the interpretation of sense data

75
Q

3 theories of perception

A

Info processing approach
Gestalt theory
Ecological approach

76
Q

Info processing approach

A

way of looking at perception

bottom to top reconstruction

piecewise puts info together

combine info from retina with stored knowledge

77
Q

Gestalt theory

A

immediate impression, not piecewise

innate properties of the perceive (have evolved to perceive)

78
Q

Ecological approach

A

directedness and immediacy of perceptual processes

all needed information is already available in nature, just have to pick it up

ex: way light falls on a rock shows depth

no reconstruction of information like in the info processing approach

79
Q

What is perception always?

A

Contextual

We assume and fill in gaps in our perception

80
Q

Consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves, thoughts and environment

81
Q

How can consciousness be studied?

A

introspection

82
Q

What is the problem with consciousness?

A

it can be hard to describe experience and sometimes people are deceitful

83
Q

Cognitive unconscious

A

unnoticed support machinery

much of what is going on in our minds happens outside of awareness

84
Q

Unconscious functioning

A

the scope of the cognitive unconscious is evident in cases of brain damage

we can remember/perceive without being aware

85
Q

Unconscious attribution

A

ability to evaluate and interpret evidence while being unaware of the process

86
Q

What does cognitive unconscious allow for?

A

Processes that are fast, effortless, and automatic

87
Q

Mind body problem

A

the conscious mind is completely different from physical body

88
Q

What are the two dimensions of consciousness?

A

level of arousal and clarity of context

example is sleepwalking has high level of arousal, but low clarity of context

89
Q

Global Workspace Hypothesis

A

consciousness is made possible by integrating neural activity of various regions

this is made possible by workspace neurons

controlled by process of attention

90
Q

Sleep

A

our conscious state changes when we are asleep

people seem to need a right amount of slow wave and REM sleep

91
Q

Different theories for why we sleep

A

repair our bodies
allow neurons to reset
allow for rest when not finding food

92
Q

Dreams

A

occur during REM sleep

can contain preoccupations or events that occur that day

dreams are a byproduct of activity that occurs while we sleep

93
Q

Hypnosis

A

highly relaxed state of mind in which a person is likely to feel that his/her actions and thoughts are happening to him/her rather than it being produced momentarily

can be susceptible to social pressures

94
Q

Meditation

A

quiet, relaxed state produced by intense focus to a specific stimulus

brain activity changes during meditation (more relaxed)

95
Q

Theories about the origins of knowledge

A

nativism- knowledge is innate, prewired and built in

empiricism- knowledge is learned and determined by individual experiences

true origins of knowledge is probably somewhere inbetween these two

96
Q

Learning

A

process by which an activity originates or is changed through reactions to an encountered situation

react to situations differently after an encounter

97
Q

What can learning not be explained by?

A

learning exists outside of native response tendencies (reflexes), maturation, and temporary states of the organism (drugs + fatigue)

98
Q

What are ways of learning

A

1) Habituation
2) Classical conditioning
3) Operant conditioning
4) Observational learning

99
Q

Habituation

A

a decline in response to a stimulus once the stimulus has become familiar

100
Q

Dishabituation

A

an increase in responsiveness when something new is presented following a series of presentations of something familiar

101
Q

What are evolutionary advantages of habituation?

A

we don’t waste energy on stuff we already know

ex: babies transition from the universal learner to free space

102
Q

Classical conditioning

A

a form of learning in which one stimulus is paired with another so that an organism can learn a relationship between the two

103
Q

Pavlov’s experiment

A

dog learns to associate a bell with food

US: food
UR: salivate
CS: the bell
CR: salvation with the bell

104
Q

Unconditioned response

A

the natural response elicited from a unconditioned stimulus

105
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

reliability triggers a response without prior training

106
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

initially neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the US and elicits a conditioned response

107
Q

Example of different conditioned and unconditioned response

A

mouse runs away when sees a cat (UR)

mouse associates cat with kitchen (CS)

mouse is on high alert when in the kitchen, but doesn’t run away (CR)

108
Q

What does the strength of conditioning depend on?

A

timing and contingency

109
Q

Extinction

A

the weakening of a learned association when a conditioned stimulus is now repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

110
Q

Operant conditioning

A

participant receives a reinforcer only after performing the desired response and therefore learns the relationship between the response and the reinforcer

111
Q

Thorndike’s cat

A

Thorndike rewarded the cat for getting out of the cage

made the cat get out of the cage more

an example of operant conditioning

112
Q

The Law of Effect

A

performance is strengthened if rewarded and weakened if not

113
Q

Operant

A

voluntary response that is defined by its effect (the way it operates) on the environment

114
Q

Reinforcer

A

stimulus delivered after a response makes a response more likely in the future

115
Q

Who is responsible for saying “free will is an illusion” but also doing work with operant conditioning?

A

BF Skinner

116
Q

Difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning

A

Operant conditioning is based on rewards of voluntary responses and classical conditioning is not voluntary response

117
Q

Observational learning

A

process of watching others behave and learning from their example

118
Q

Mirror neurons

A

neurons that fire both when an animal acts and when an animal watches another animal perform the same action

119
Q

Implicit memory

A

memories that you are unable to talk about but exist and come up through actions without being aware of

120
Q

When can you explicitly talk about memory?

A

2-3 years of age

121
Q

What helps with accuracy errors in memory?

A

schema (narrative to tell)

chunking

122
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

highly detailed snapshot of when big news was heard

123
Q

Thoughts on selective memory

A

could be a defense mechanism

124
Q

sensory memory

A

< 3 seconds

Immediate memory of sensory stimuli

125
Q

Short term memory

A

also called working memory

10 seconds

Immediate conscious memory

126
Q

Long term memory

A

hours to lifetime

127
Q

Stages of long term memory

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval, output

128
Q

Primacy

A

early items receive more rehearsal and are more likely to be transferred to long term storage

(remembering things in a list)

129
Q

Recency

A

just heard items can be easily retrieved from working memory

130
Q

Chunking

A

items are recoded into a smaller number of larger units (ex: phone numbers)

131
Q

Active nature of memory

A

we change and shape our memories

132
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information

does little to promote long term storage

133
Q

Shallow processing

A

encoding that emphasizes superficial characteristics

134
Q

Deep processing

A

encoding that emphasizes understanding and meaning

135
Q

Clive’s case

A

hippocampus damage

no long term memory after brain damage

stops encoding memories after the event

lives moment to moment

136
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of the limbic system

plays role in transferring info from short term to long term memory

137
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

unable to remember past events

138
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

unable to remember events after the trauma

139
Q

Episodic memory

A

concerns specific episodes

140
Q

Semantic memory

A

concerns broader knowledge (ex: language)

141
Q

Amygdala

A

helps emotional memory lead to better episodic memories

plays a key role in the processing of emotions

142
Q

Thinking

A

process by which meanings and ideas are developed

143
Q

Concepts

A

an idea of what something is or how it works

generic idea formed through experience

144
Q

Two types of views of concepts

A

prototype versus conceptual

145
Q

Representation

A

present something to the mind that gets converted to words, symbols, and images

146
Q

Analogical representations

A

capture some of the actual characteristics of what they represent

147
Q

Symbolic representations

A

bear no such relationship to what they represent

148
Q

Two types of thinking

A

spatial (mapping + imaging)

abstract (conceptualization + reasoning)

149
Q

Non-analogical thinking

A

another name is abstract thinking

two types of non-analogical thinking

inductive (observation to conclusion)

deductive (premise to conclusion)

150
Q

Directed thinking

A

internal thinking with the goal of problem solving

goal oriented mental hierarchy of action

Psych 111 (6 decks)

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