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applied psychology > Personality Psychology > Flashcards

Personality Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

Set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organised and relatively enduring and that influences a persons interactions with and adaptations to the environment.

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2
Q

What are the domains of knowledge?

A
  • Dispositional
  • Biological
  • Intrapsychic
  • Cognitive Experiential
  • Social and Cultural
  • Adjustment
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3
Q

Describe the dispositional domain of knowledge

A
  • Deals in ways which individuals differ from one another
  • Focus on number and nature of fundamental dispositions
  • Identify and measure most important ways which individuals differ
  • Origin of individual differences and how these develop over time
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4
Q

Describe the biological domain of knowledge

A
  • Humans are collections of biological systems and provide building blocks for behaviour, thought and emotion
  • Behavioural
  • Psychophysiology
  • Evolutionary Personality
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5
Q

Describe the intrapsychic domain of knowledge

A
  • Deals with mental mechanisms, operate outside conscious awareness
  • Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis
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6
Q

Describe the cognitive-experiential domain of knowledge

A
  • Cognition and subjective experience (conscious thoughts, feelings, beliefs, desires)
  • Self and self concept
  • Goals we set and strive to meet
  • Emotional experiences`
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7
Q

Describe the social and cultural domain of knowledge

A
  • Personality affects by cultural and social context
  • Individual differences within cultures
  • All humans have common set of concerns they struggle within the social space
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8
Q

Describe the adjustment domain of knowledge

A
  • Personality plays key role in how we cope, adapt and adjusts to events in daily life
  • Personality linked with important health outcomes and problems in coping and adjustments
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9
Q

What is the person-situation interaction?

A

2 possible explanation interaction

1) Function of personality traits
2) Function of situations
- Other ways which personality and situation react to produce behaviour

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10
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A
  • Humans face same problems as all other living organisms
  • Survival, reproduction
  • Cognitive mechanisms evolved overtime to help solve our various adaptive problems
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11
Q

What are psychodynamic theories?

A

Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

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12
Q

What is free association?

A

A method of exploring the unconscious which person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how embarrassing.

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13
Q

What is the unconscious mind?

A

Thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories

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14
Q

What is the conscious mind?

A

Iceberg that floats above the surface

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15
Q

What is the preconscious mind?

A

Thoughts we store temporarily which we retrieve them from conscious awareness

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16
Q

What is the id?

A

Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

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17
Q

What is the ego?

A

Reality principle. Satisfying the id’s desires in way that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

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18
Q

What is the superego?

A

Represents internalised ideas and provides standards judgment and future aspirations

19
Q

What are Freud’s Psychosexual Stages?

A
  • Oral (0-19 months)
  • Anal (18-36 months)
  • Phallic (3-6 years)
  • Latency (6 to puberty)
  • Genital (Puberty on)
20
Q

What is compensation?

A

The development of a personal talent as a response to a personal deficiency.

21
Q

What is denial?

A

The refusal to admit an aspect of reality relevant to oneself, for example, that I missed a class that was important.

22
Q

What is displacement?

A

Discharging of pent-up feelings, usually of hostility, on objects less dangerous than those that initially aroused the emotion.

23
Q

What is fantasy?

A

Gratifying frustrated desires in imaginary achievements.

24
Q

What is identification?

A

Increasing one’s feelings of worth by identifying self with another person or institution, often of illustrious standing.

25
Q

What is isolation?

A

Cutting off emotional charge from hurtful situations or separating incompatible attitudes into logic-tight compartments .

26
Q

What is projection?

A

The attribution of one’s undesirable feelings to someone else or something else; placing blame for one’s difficulties upon others or attributing one’s own “forbidden” desires to others.

27
Q

What is rationalisation?

A
  • Attempting to prove that one’s behaviour is “rational” and justifiable and thus worthy of the approval of self and others
  • The providing of socially acceptable reasons for one’s inappropriate behaviour.
  • A distortion of reality in which a person justifies what has happened to minimise their involvement.
28
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

Preventing dangerous desires from being expressed by endorsing the opposite attitudes and types of behaviour and using them as “barriers”.

29
Q

What is regression?

A

The displaying of immature behaviours that have relieved anxiety in the past, or when you were in an earlier stage of development.

30
Q

What is repression?

A

The banishment of threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories to the unconscious mind.

31
Q

What is sublimation?

A

The expression of sexual or aggressive impulses through indirect or socially acceptable means.

32
Q

Describe humanistic theories

A
  • View personality with a focus on potential for healthy personal growth
  • Ways people strive for self determination and self realisation
33
Q

What is a hierachy of needs?

A

Beginning at base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

34
Q

What is self-actualisation?

A

The motivation to fulfil one’s potential.

35
Q

What is transcendence?

A

Striving for identity, meaning, purpose beyond self

36
Q

What is Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective?

A
  • People are basically good and are endowed with self actualising tendencies
  • Acceptance
  • Genuineness
  • Empathy
37
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

Caring, accepting, non-judgmental attitude which develops self awareness.

38
Q

What is self-concept?

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves to answer “who am I”.

39
Q

What is a trait?

A

Characteristic pattern of behaviour or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

40
Q

What are the Big 5 Personality Factors?

A
  • Openess
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
41
Q

What is the social cognitive perspective?

A

Views behaviour as influenced by interaction between people’s traits and their social context

42
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A

The interacting influences of behaviour, internal cognition and environment

43
Q

What is the spotlight effect?

A

Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance/performance/blunders

44
Q

What is self-serving bias?

A

Readiness to perceive oneself favourably

applied psychology (12 decks)

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