Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
What is emotion?
A response of the whole organism involving
1) Physiological Arousal
2) Expressive Behaviours
3) Conscious Experience
What is the chicken and the egg debate?
Which happens first?
- Body changes (physiological arousal)
- Emotional experience
What is the James Lange Theory?
- Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus
- Conscious experience of emotion results from ones perception of automatic arousal
- Emotion is our conscious awareness of our physiological responses to stimuli
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?
- An emotion-arousing simultaneously triggers
1) Physiological Responses
2) Subjective experience of emotion - Physiological arousal can occur without emotion
- Very different emotions exhibits patterns of automatic arousal that are too similar to differentiate
What is the Two-Factor Theory?
- The Schachter-Singer Theory that to experience emotion one must:
1) Be physically aroused
2) Cognitively label the arousal - When you experience physiological arousal, you search your environment for an explanation
What are cognitive appraisals?
- Interpretation and meaning that we attach to sensory stimuli
- Conscious/unconscious
- Learned or innate predispositions
- Influence how we express our emotions and act on them
- Explains why different people can have different emotional reactions to same arousal
What does the sympathetic division of the ANS control?
- Mobilises body for action
- Directs adrenal glands to release stress hormones (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
- Heart rate and blood pressure
What does the parasympathetic division of the ANS control?
Gradually calms your body, as stress hormones leave the bloodstream
Describe emotional expression
- Expressive behaviours are observable emotional displays
- Primed to quickly detect negative emotions and negative emotion words
What is the emotion of anger?
- Strongest and most interesting emotion
- Facing a threat: fear triggers flight, anger triggers fight
- Flash of anger gives us energy and initiative to take action when necessary
What is the emotion of happiness?
- Subjective wellbeing
- Feel good feel good phenomenon: when in a good mood, we do more for others. Doing good also feels good.
What is the adaptation-level phenomenon?
- We are happier compared to our past condition
- Then we adapt, form a “new normal” level and most people must get another boost to feel same satisfaction
What is motivation?
A need or desire that energises and directs behaviour
What is an instinct?
- A complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
- Physiological needs create an aroused, motivated state a drive
What is the drive reduction theory?
- The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy its needed
- Drives are a result of disruptions to homeostasis
What is the arousal theory?
- Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it
- Each individual has a different perspective on the “optimal level” of stress or arousal, to facilitate the optimum environment for performance
How does performance relate to arousal?
- For easy/well practised tasks performance is better at high arousal
- For difficult/unfamiliar tasks performance is facilitated by lower arousal
What is the Yerke Dodson Law?
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance deceases
Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Certain needs have priority over others
- Beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be met before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
What is self-actualisation?
- Ultimate human motive to fulfil our potential
- Develop ourselves in wide range of areas
What is transcendence?
A self-actualised individual moves beyond the self and focuses their growth needs on the desire to help others to reach their fullest potential
Describe the self determination theory
- Revolves around the fundamental psychological needs (that motivate goal-based behaviour)
- Competence
- Autonomy
- Relatedness
- Related to extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
What is intrinsic motivation?
Doing an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some separable consequence
What is extrinsic motivation?
Doing an activity in order to attain some separable outcome
What is achievement motivation?
A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas; for control and attaining a high standard
What is grit?
Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
What are the types of motivational conflicts?
- Approach approach conflict
- Avoidance avoidance conflict
- Approach avoidance conflict
What is the approach approach conflict?
2 attractive alternatives, selecting one means loosing the other
What is the approach avoidance conflict?
Choosing between two undesirable alternatives
What is the approach avoidance conflict?
Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal
What are the appetite hormones that increase hunger?
- Ghrelin
- Orxein
What are the appetite hormones that decrease hunger?
- Insulin
- Leptin
- PYY
