Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

What is emotion?

Answer 1

A response of the whole organism involving

1) Physiological Arousal
2) Expressive Behaviours
3) Conscious Experience

Question 2

What is the chicken and the egg debate?

Answer 2

Which happens first?

• Body changes (physiological arousal)
• Emotional experience

Question 3

What is the James Lange Theory?

Answer 3

• Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus
• Conscious experience of emotion results from ones perception of automatic arousal
• Emotion is our conscious awareness of our physiological responses to stimuli

Question 4

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?

Answer 4

• An emotion-arousing simultaneously triggers
  1) Physiological Responses
  2) Subjective experience of emotion
• Physiological arousal can occur without emotion
• Very different emotions exhibits patterns of automatic arousal that are too similar to differentiate

Question 5

What is the Two-Factor Theory?

Answer 5

• The Schachter-Singer Theory that to experience emotion one must:
  1) Be physically aroused
  2) Cognitively label the arousal
• When you experience physiological arousal, you search your environment for an explanation

Question 6

What are cognitive appraisals?

Answer 6

• Interpretation and meaning that we attach to sensory stimuli
• Conscious/unconscious
• Learned or innate predispositions
• Influence how we express our emotions and act on them
• Explains why different people can have different emotional reactions to same arousal

Question 7

What does the sympathetic division of the ANS control?

Answer 7

• Mobilises body for action
• Directs adrenal glands to release stress hormones (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
• Heart rate and blood pressure

Question 8

What does the parasympathetic division of the ANS control?

Answer 8

Gradually calms your body, as stress hormones leave the bloodstream

Question 9

Describe emotional expression

Answer 9

• Expressive behaviours are observable emotional displays

- Primed to quickly detect negative emotions and negative emotion words

Question 10

What is the emotion of anger?

Answer 10

• Strongest and most interesting emotion
• Facing a threat: fear triggers flight, anger triggers fight
• Flash of anger gives us energy and initiative to take action when necessary

Question 11

What is the emotion of happiness?

Answer 11

• Subjective wellbeing

- Feel good feel good phenomenon: when in a good mood, we do more for others. Doing good also feels good.

Question 12

What is the adaptation-level phenomenon?

Answer 12

• We are happier compared to our past condition

- Then we adapt, form a “new normal” level and most people must get another boost to feel same satisfaction

Question 13

What is motivation?

Answer 13

A need or desire that energises and directs behaviour

Question 14

What is an instinct?

Answer 14

• A complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
• Physiological needs create an aroused, motivated state a drive

Question 15

What is the drive reduction theory?

Answer 15

• The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy its needed
• Drives are a result of disruptions to homeostasis

Question 16

What is the arousal theory?

Answer 16

• Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it
• Each individual has a different perspective on the “optimal level” of stress or arousal, to facilitate the optimum environment for performance

Question 17

How does performance relate to arousal?

Answer 17

• For easy/well practised tasks performance is better at high arousal
• For difficult/unfamiliar tasks performance is facilitated by lower arousal

Question 18

What is the Yerke Dodson Law?

Answer 18

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance deceases

Question 19

Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 19

• Certain needs have priority over others
• Beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be met before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Question 20

What is self-actualisation?

Answer 20

• Ultimate human motive to fulfil our potential

- Develop ourselves in wide range of areas

Question 21

What is transcendence?

Answer 21

A self-actualised individual moves beyond the self and focuses their growth needs on the desire to help others to reach their fullest potential

Question 22

Describe the self determination theory

Answer 22

• Revolves around the fundamental psychological needs (that motivate goal-based behaviour)
• Competence
• Autonomy
• Relatedness
• Related to extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

Question 23

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 23

Doing an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some separable consequence

Question 24

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 24

Doing an activity in order to attain some separable outcome

Question 25

What is achievement motivation?

Answer 25

A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas; for control and attaining a high standard

Question 26

What is grit?

Answer 26

Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Question 27

What are the types of motivational conflicts?

Answer 27

• Approach approach conflict
• Avoidance avoidance conflict
• Approach avoidance conflict

Question 28

What is the approach approach conflict?

Answer 28

2 attractive alternatives, selecting one means loosing the other

Question 29

What is the approach avoidance conflict?

Answer 29

Choosing between two undesirable alternatives

Question 30

What is the approach avoidance conflict?

Answer 30

Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal

Question 31

What are the appetite hormones that increase hunger?

Answer 31

• Ghrelin

- Orxein

Question 32

What are the appetite hormones that decrease hunger?

Answer 32

• Insulin
• Leptin
• PYY