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Personality and Individual Differences > Personality & Physical Health > Flashcards

Personality & Physical Health Flashcards

1
Q

What were the 5-year survival rates for recipients of Medicare aged 65-100 affected by

A

Conscientiousness (high lead to sig longer survival)

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2
Q

What did Matthews et al (2009) say were the 4 potential pathways?

A
  • Direct causation (personality trait -> health)
  • Correlational
  • Causal chain (personality trait -> behaviour -> health)
  • Somatogenic (health -> personality trait)
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3
Q

What did Friedman & Rosenman (1959) find for disease-prone personality types?

A
  • Personality factors that predict Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
  • Type A: Competitive, ambitious, aggressive, impatient
  • Type B: Relaxed, takes life as it comes
  • Can be thought of as a continuum
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4
Q

Measuring Type A personality

A
  • Challenging interview-based measure captured anger & hostility components
  • Self-report ‘Jenkins Activity Survey’ covers broader range of components
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5
Q

What did Maltby, Day & Macaskill (2017) find for type A and CVD risk?

A
  • Longitudinal studies found inconsistent findings
  • Meta-analyses found sig but modest effect of type A on CVD, showed that differences in results may be linked to the type of assessment
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6
Q

What did Glass (1977) find for Type A and CVD?

A
  • 3 Separable components of type A: competitiveness, sense of urgency, hostility
  • Anger & hostility sig associated with heart disease incidence & prognosis
  • Hostility likely to be direct causation of reactivity to stress
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7
Q

What is Type C personality? (Kissen & Eyesnck, 1962)

A
  • Cancer prone
  • High extroversion, low neuroticism
  • Suppressing and repressing emotions
  • Little convincing evidence
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8
Q

What is Type D personality (Denollet, 2002)?

A
  • Distressed, depressed & socially inhibited
  • Poorer recovery from heart attack and increased risk of future heart problems
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9
Q

What did Chapman et al (2011) find about the effect of conscientiousness on health?

A
  • Clear link between it and longevity
  • Support for causal behavioural chain mechanism
  • Potential causal biological chain mechanism (better coping = lower stress hormone = increased longevity)
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10
Q

What did O’Conner et al (2009) find about the effect of conscientiousness on health?

A

High conscientiousness associated w fewer daily stressors and better coping (e.g., going on a walk)

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11
Q

What did Chapman et al (2011) find about the effects of neuroticism on health?

A
  • Reduced longevity
  • But some confounding effects of socio-economic status (SES)
  • Low SES has been linked to high neuroticism and worse health outcomes
  • So relationship could be correlational, not causal
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12
Q

Inconsistent results of Neuroticism and health

A
  • Not all studies suggest its is linked to reduced longevity
  • Friedman (2002) proposed there may be healthy and unhealthy neuroticism
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13
Q

What did Chapman et al (2011) find on the effects of extraversion on health?

A
  • Mixed results
  • Different effects of specific characteristics
  • Impulsivity is associated w destructive behaviours
  • Positive associations between extraversion and mortality partly explained by smoking
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14
Q

What did Ploubidis & Grundy (2009) find on the effects of extraversion on health?

A
  • 9003 ppl completed EPI (Eysenck Personality Inventory)
  • 5755 followed up 20 years later
  • Higher levels of extraversion associated w increased mortality
  • Ppl higher in impulsivity
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15
Q

What did Weiss et al (2013) find on the effects of extraversion on health?

A
  • More social ties (buffer against stress) + active, engaged life = increased longevity
  • Extraversion = increased immune functioning
  • But not a clear causal link underlying this
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16
Q

What was Weiss et al (2012)’s study on extraverted gorillas?

A
  • Personality ratings of 283 captive gorillas on ‘Gorilla Behaviour Index’
  • Mean age 16.5 years at baseline
  • At follow up 119 had died
  • Only personality trait associated with survival was extraversion
  • Death rates decreased as extraversion increased
17
Q

What did Chapman et al (2011) find on the effects of openness to experience on health?

A
  • Good evidence for positive association with longevity
  • Mechanisms unclear
  • Related to cognitive reserve
  • Cognitive and educational activities could lead to better health decision making
18
Q

What is cognitive reserve?

A

Resilience to effects of neural disease or injury

19
Q

Dementia and cognitive reserve

A
  • People can have high levels of dementia in brain but cognitive functions unaffected
  • May have high levels of cognitive reserve
  • Lessening impact of disease
20
Q

What did Waxman et al (2013) find about somatogenic pathways?

A
  • Very low birth weight associated with lower extroversion & openness to experience and higher neuroticism, agreeableness & conscientiousness
  • Higher cautiousness
21
Q

What are the potential mechanisms behind cautiousness and low birth weight?

A
  • Extra-uterine brain development
  • Subsequent illness (may be more cautious due to susceptibility)
  • Higher parental monitoring and behavioural restrictions
22
Q

What did Jokela et al (2014) find about somatogenic pathways?

A
  • Impact of chronic disease on Big 5 traits
  • Those w one or two health conditions weren’t sig different in extraversion from those w none
  • Those w 3 or more had sig lower extraversion
  • Increasing effects w increasing health conditions for neuroticism, conscientiousness and openness to experience as well
  • Size of effects differed across health conditions (largest for strokes, smallest for cancer)
23
Q

What chronic diseases did Jokela at al (2014) find to impact the Big 5

A

Heart disease, Stroke, Diabetes, Cancer, Respiratory disease, Arthritis, Hypertension

24
Q

What are the potential mechanisms behind impact of health on Big 5?

A
  • Some diseases affect neural function
  • Coping w distress and challenges of disease may account for increases in neuroticism
  • Fatigue could decrease extraversion
  • Lowered ability to organise life could decrease conscientiousness
25
Q

What practical applications did Hagger-Johnson & Pollard Whiteman (2008) find for research on personality and physical health?

A

The 5 Ts
- Targetting
- Training
- Treatment
- Transformating
- Tailoring

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