Motivation Flashcards
What did Chamorro-Premuzic (2013) define motivation as?
An internal state that:
- Drives people into action
- Energises, directs and perpetuates behaviour
- Is directed towards satisfaction of needs
- If unsatisfied, will generate state of physiological and/or psychological arousal
- Is dynamic
Murray’s (1938) Model of Motivation
Press + Need -> Motive -> Behaviour
What is “Press” in Murray’s (1938) Model of Motivation?
Situational conditions/events
What are Primary & Secondary/Psychogenic Needs in Murray’s (1938) Model of Motivation?
Primary needs: biological in nature (food)
Secondary/Psychogenic needs: derived from biology &/or psychology (nurturance & achievement)
- 20 psychogenic needs proposed on basis of extensive data collection from 50 pps
What are the 3 Secondary needs?
Need for Achievement, Affiliation, Power
What is McClelland’s acquired needs theory?
- The 3 needs measured with TAT
- Projective tests (e.g., ink blots) considered appropriate for motivation research due to implicit nature of motives
What is TAT?
Thematic Apperception Test
What are some potential sub-components of the 3 secondary needs?
Schultheiss (2008): Hope and fear components of motives
What did Schultheiss (2008) find in terms of the need for achievement and preferences?
- Preference for tasks of moderate difficulty that indicate ability
- Preference for work settings with frequent feedback on current vs previous performance
What study did Bradburn & Berlew (1961) carry out in terms of economic growth and need for achievement?
- Estimated societal level of need for achievement in England using content analysis of popular literature
- Scored extracts for achievement imagery
- Estimated economic activity through coal imports
What were the results of Bradburn & Berlew (1961)’s study?
- Levels of need for achievement are followed 50 years later by changes in coal imports
What did Schultheiss (2008) find in terms of need for power?
- Can reflect desire to influence and have impact, not just dominate and control
- Can be expressed through generativity (caring for next generation)
- Higher testosterone, sexual activity & aggression?
What did Spangler & House (1991) find for Effective Leadership and Need for Power?
High need for power predicted presidential performance
What did Schultheiss (2008) find in terms of Physiology of Need for Power?
High testosterone -> High need for power -> Engagement in Power-challenge situations -> Activation of sympathetic nervous system stress response -> chronic high blood pressure, lower immune function etc
What study did McClelland, Alexander & Marks (1982) carry out looking at the negative health effects of need for power?
- Prison inmates measured using TAT, coded for need for power and affiliation
- Number of stressors experienced
- Number and severity of illnesses in past 12 months
- Saliva sample to measure salivary immunoglibin-A (S-IgA) as indicator of immune functioning
What did McClelland, Alexander & Marks (1982) find in their study looking at the negative health effects of need for power?
Need for power with high stress level led to the highest mean illness severity & lowest S-IgA concentration
What did Schultheiss (2008) find about the Need for Affiliation & Health?
- Associated with parasympathetic activity & increased immune functioning
- Generally positive effects on health
Outline the study McClelland & Kirshnit (1988) carried out for Need for Affiliation & Health
- Needs measured using TAT before and after watching one of 2 short films
- Need for affiliation group primed further in post-film writing task about love and caring
- Levels of S-IgA measured before and after film
- Measured illness experienced that year
What did McClelland & Kirshnit (1988) find in their study carried out for Need for Affiliation & Health?
- Evidence for protective effects of need for affiliation
- No overall effect of change in need for power
- Sub-group with inhibited power motive syndrome did show reduction in S-IgA after WWII film
- No link between reactive increase in S-IgA and illness history
What is power motive syndrome?
High in need for power, low in need for affiliation
