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Personality and Individual Differences > Measuring Personality > Flashcards

Measuring Personality Flashcards

1
Q

What is a scale?

A

Measures one dimension of personality

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2
Q

What is an inventory?

A

Several scales that, together, measure multiple dimensions of personality

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3
Q

What is measurement error?

A

Random error + systematic error

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4
Q

How does measurement error play into score on the scale?

A

Score on scale = True score + Measurement errror

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5
Q

What is random error?

A
  • Non-systematic variation in test score
  • Equally likely to score higher or lower than true score
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6
Q

What is systematic error?

A
  • Bias
  • Test score always slightly higher or lower than true score
  • Common responses are response set bias, socially desirable responses and faking
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7
Q

How can you deal with random error?

A

Increase number of items

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8
Q

What is response set bias?

A

People’s tendency to respond in a particular way
Can include:
- Acquiescence bias
- Nay saying
- Midpoint responding

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9
Q

What is acquiescence bias?

A

Tendency to agree

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10
Q

What is nay saying?

A

Tendency to disagree

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11
Q

What is Midpoint responding?

A

Neither agree nor disagree

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12
Q

How to control for response set bias

A
  • Midpoint responding: remove midpoint
  • Acquiescence & nay saying: include reverse-scored items
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13
Q

What can cause faking?

A
  • Avoiding undesirable things
  • Or for statements such as “I have never told a lie”, someone who doesn’t lie often, may assume this counts
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14
Q

How to control for faking?

A

Make all options socially undesirable

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15
Q

Format of questions on the Mach IV scale

A
  • Use mach item
  • Then use a non-mach item, but still socially undesirable
  • And an unrelated socially desirable “buffer”
  • Asked which item is most like their views, and least
  • Researchers ignore socially desirable item and focus on item not selected for least like their views
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16
Q

Steffans & Schulze Konig (2006) What did they find for behavioural measures as part of a broader validation study

A
  • Self-reported personality & deliberate behaviour doesn’t always represent who we are
  • Developed measures of trait-relevant ‘spontaneous behaviours’
  • Low concurrent validity between behavioural and self-report measures of personality
  • Can’t tell which measure is more accurate
17
Q

Implicit Personality Assessment (Steffans & Schulze Konig, 2006)

A
  • Modification of IAT
  • Categorise words into self vs others & conscientious vs unconscientious
  • Half of trials paired congruently with trait, then incongruently
  • Reaction time calculated
18
Q

Findings of IPT (Steffans & Schulze Konig, 2006)

A
  • 2 sig correlations w self-report, 3 w behaviour
  • Still fairly low convergent validity
19
Q

What is someone else rating your personality dependent on?

A
  • Extent to which the person observed produces visible signs that are consistent with their inner experiences
  • The proportion of situations that the observer has access to
20
Q

What is the self-other knowledge asymmetry model (SOKA; Vazire, 2010)

A
  • Both self & other ratings can be valid predictors of behaviour, but the validity may differ on which trait is being measured
21
Q

What does the SOKA model depend on?

A

Observability: self is more accurate when rating low observability traits
Evaluativeness: others are more accurate when rating high evaluative traits (intellect)
People who are less close can evaluate better but not observe as well

22
Q

What are projective tests of personality

A
  • Stuff like ink blots show a projection of personality
  • The score is according to content and focus
  • Less dependent on introspection
23
Q

Evaluation of projective tests of personality

A
  • Less prone to bias and faking
  • But subjective, complex, unreliable scoring
  • Not based on mainstream personality theory
24
Q

What is the Apperceptive Personality Test? (Holmstrom, Silber & Karp, 1990)

A
  • Make up story about each pic
  • Complete structured questionnaire
  • Personality has some influence on interpretation of pics

Personality and Individual Differences (10 decks)

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