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MCAT Psychology/Sociology > Personality, motivation, attitudes, and psychological disorders > Flashcards

Personality, motivation, attitudes, and psychological disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

personality

A

the individual pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior associated with each person

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2
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

personality (made up of patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors) is shaped by a person’s uncounscious thoughts, feelings, and memories; the exisitance of the unconscious is inferred from behaviors such as dreams, slips of the tounge, posthypnotic suggestions, and free associations

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3
Q

libido

A

life instinct; drives behaviors focused on survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance, and pleasure

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4
Q

death instinct

A

drives aggressive behaviors fueled by the unconscious with to die or hurt oneself or others

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5
Q

3 personality psychic energy components

A
  1. id
  2. ego
  3. superego
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6
Q

id

A

ruled by pleasure principle
unconscious; the source of energy and instincts; seeks to reduce tension, avoid pain, and gain pleasure; doesn’t use logical or moral reasoning; doesn’t distinguish mental images from external objects; young children fxn almost entirely from the id

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7
Q

ego

A

ruled by reality principle
uses logical thinking and planning to control consciousness and the id; tries to find realisitc ways to satisfy the id’s desire for pleasure

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8
Q

superego

A

inhibits the id and influences the ego to follow moralistic and ideals goals rather than just realisitic goals; strives for “higher purpose”

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9
Q

ego defense mechanisms

A

people develop these to combat anxiety; unconsciously deny or distort reality

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10
Q

repression

A

lack of recall of an emotionally painful memory

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11
Q

denial

A

forceful refusal to acknowldege an emotionally painful memory

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12
Q

reaction formation

A

expressing the opposite of what one feels, when it would feel too dangerous to express the real feeling (ex) acting hateful toward someone to whom one is sexually attracted)

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13
Q

Projection

A

attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person

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14
Q

displacement

A

redirecting aggressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action or object onto a less dangerous one (punching a pillow instead of yelling at your boss)

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15
Q

rationalization

A

explaining and intellecutally justifying one’s impulsive behavior

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16
Q

regression

A

reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavior (when a kid reverts to bedwetting after a trauma)

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17
Q

sublimation

A

channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities ex) producing art

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18
Q

Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages

A 
oral
anal
phallic
latent
genital
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19
Q

oral stage

A

child seeks pleasure through oral activities such as chewing or sucking

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20
Q

anal stage

A

child seeks sensual pleasure through control of elimination

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21
Q

phallic stage

A

child seeks sensual pleasure through the genitals; oedipus and electra complexes occur

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22
Q

oedipus complex

A

in a boy; when the child is attracted to the opposite sex parent and is hostile towards the same gender parent

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23
Q

electra complex

A

in a girl; when the child is attracted to the opposite sex parent and is hostile towards the same gender parent

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24
Q

latency stage

A

sexual interests subside and are replaced by interests in other areas such as school, friends, and sports

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25
Q

genital stage

A

begins in adolescence, when sexual themes resurface and a person’s life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendships, art, sports, and careers

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26
Q

Erik Erikson

A

extended Freud’s theory of developmental stages; added social and interpersonal factors on unconscious conflicts within a person; delineated 8 developmental stages and conflicts in adolescence and adulthood

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27
Q

trust vs. mistrust

A

if an infant’s physical and emotional needs are not met, as an adult they may mistrust the world and interpersonal relationships

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28
Q

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

A

if a toddler’s need to explore, make mistakes, and test limits are not met, as an adult they may be dependent rather than autonomous

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29
Q

initiative vs. guilt

A

if a young child’s need to make decisions is not met, as an adult they may feel guilty taking initiative and allow others to choose for them

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30
Q

industry vs. inferiority

A

if a child’s needs to understand the world, develop a gender-role identity, succeed in school, and set and attain personal goals are not met, as an adult they may feel inadequate

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31
Q

identity vs. role confusion

A

if an adolescent doesn’t test limits and clarify their identity goals and life meaning, as an adult they may develop role confusion

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32
Q

intimacy vs. isolation

A

if a young adult doesn’t form intimate relationships, they may become alienated

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33
Q

generativity vs. stagnation

A

if a middle aged person doesn’t feel productive by helping the next generation and resolving differences between actual accomplishments and earlier dreams, then they may become stuck in psychological stagnation

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34
Q

integrity vs. despair

A

if an elderly person regrets their life and lack of personal worth, they may feel hopeless, guilty, resentful, and self-rejecting

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35
Q

humanist theory

A

focuses on healthy personality development; humans are seen as good and having free will rather than having their behavior determined by their early relationships

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36
Q

actualizing tendency

A

the most basic motive of all people in humanist theory; the innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism

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37
Q

self actualization

A

realizing your human potential

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38
Q

Carl Rogers

A

developed humanist theory; child introjects caregiver’s values because they view the caregiver’s positive regard as conditional

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39
Q

self concept

A

is made up of the child’s conscious, subjective perceptions and beliefs about themself; true values remain unconscious; people choose behavior consistent with their self concepts

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40
Q

incongruence

A

feeling uncomfortable when encountering life experiences that contradict the self concept

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41
Q

behaviorist perspective

A

personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on a person’s environment

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42
Q

deterministic behavior

A

people begin as blank slates and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual’s subsequent behavior and personality

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43
Q

operant

A

a person’s action or behavior that operates on the environment and produces consequences.

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44
Q

social cognitive perspective

A

personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors

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45
Q

3 major therapy types

A

psychoanalytic
humanisitic
cognitive behavioral

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46
Q

psychoanalytic therapy (psychodynamic or talk therapy)

A

problem of unconscious forces and childhood experiences
reduce anxiety through self-insight
analysis and interpretation

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47
Q

humanisitic therapy (client centered or person centered)

A

problem of barriers to self understanding and self acceptance
personal growth through self-insight
active listening and unconditional positive regard

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48
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

problem of maladaptive behavior and/or negative, self defeating thoughts
extinction and relearning of undesired thoughts/behaviors and healthier thinking and self-talk
reconditioning, desensitization, reversal of self blame

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49
Q

personality trait

A

a generally stable predisposition toward a certain behavior
trait theories focus on identifying, describing, measuring, and comparing individual differences and similarities with respect to such traits

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50
Q

surface traits

A

evident from a person’s behavior; being described as talkative or exuberant; there are lots of surface traits

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51
Q

source traits

A

factors underlying human personality and behavior; not as many in number as surface traits; they’re more abstract; describing one as extroverted or introverted

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52
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

used factor analysis with surface traits to ID which traits were related to each other; categorized 15 surface traits into 5 global factors (source traits), 16th surface trait (problem solving) didn’t fit into any of the factors

53
Q

Cattell’s 5 global factors

A 
extroversion
anxiety
receptivity
accomodation
self-control
54
Q

McCrae and Costa

A

tweaked Cattell’s global factors into the Five-Factor Model

55
Q

McCrae and Costa 5 factor model

A 
extroversion
neuroticism
openness to experience
agreeableness
conscientiousness
56
Q

person-situation or trait versus state controversy

A

considers the degree to which a person’s reaction to a given situation is due to their personality (trait) or is due to the situation itself (state)

57
Q

Traits

A

considered to be internal, stable, and enduring aspects of personality that should be consistent across most situations; however, people do not act or behave consistently so some traits may remain hidden

58
Q

States

A

are situational; they’re unstable, temporary, and variable aspects of personality that are influenced by the external environment

59
Q

social cues

A

people tend to modify behavior with these verbal or nonverbal hints that guide social interactions

60
Q

instincts

A

behaviors that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns throughout a species; ex) imprinting in chicks; humans naturally holding breath under water; etc…

61
Q

drive

A

an urge originating from a physiological discomfort such as hunger, thirst, or sleepiness; alert when no longer in homeostasis; work through (-) feedback systems

62
Q

arousal

A

extra stimulation sought even when all basic physiological needs are met; too much can lead to stress; levels of stimulation differ with people

63
Q

needs

A

physiological and higher-level drives; explain why we want to feel safe, like we belong, to be loved, and to achieve success.

64
Q

drive reduction theory

A

suggests that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce that need by engaging in some behavior.

65
Q

incentives

A

external stimuli, objects, and events in the environment that either help to induce or discourage certain behaviors; can be positive (increased salary) or negative (increased hours/decreased PTO)

66
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

explained human behavior through his hierarchy of needs pyramid; not all needs are created equally, some take priority over others (ex. struggling to put food on the table everyday at a higher priority than the need for belongingness)

67
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. physiological needs
  2. safety needs
  3. love and belongingness
  4. self-esteem needs
  5. self-actualization needs
68
Q

psychological disorder

A

a set of behavioral and/or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms, and that are severe enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning. The presence of dysfunction is an important element; are now viewed as a mental illness that is diagnosable based on specific symptoms, and treatable with various types of meds and/or therapy

69
Q

Biopsychosocial approach to mental health

A
  1. biological influences:
    - disability
    - genetics
    - evolution
    - brain structure
    - brain chem.
    - drug use (overlap with sociocultural influences)
    - temperment and IQ (overlap with psyc. influences)
  2. sociocultural influences
    - peers
    - socioeconomic status
    - education
    - expectations
    - roles
    fam. dynamics and trauma (overlap with psyc. influences)
  3. psychological influences
    - stress
    - social skills
    - self-esteem
    - coping skills
    - learned helplessness
70
Q

anxiety disorders

A

excessive worry, uneasiness, apprehension, and fear with both physiological and psychological symptoms (18% of U.S.)

  1. specific disorders
    - generalized anxiety disorder
    - phobias
    - panic disorder
    - PTSD
    - OCD
71
Q

mood disorders

A

a disturbance in mood or affect; two broad categoreis are distinguished by the presence or absence of a manic or hypomanic episode (10% of U.S.)

  1. specific disorders
    - major depressive disorder
    - dysthymic disorder
    - bipolar disorder
    - cyclothymic disorder
72
Q

personality disorders

A 
enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior and cognition that depart from social norms and are displayed across a viarety of contexts; these patterns of thought and behavior develop early and cause significant dysfunction and distress (10% of U.S.)
1. specific disorders:
paranoid
schizoid
schizotypal
antisocial
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic
avoidant
dependent
obsessive-comuslive personality disorder (not OCD)
73
Q

psychotic disorders

A

a general loss of contact with reality; includes delusions, hallucinations, and psychosis (1% of U.S.)
1. specific disorders:
schizophrenia
delusional disorder

74
Q

dissociative disorders

A 
disruptions in memory, awareness, identity, or perception; many dissociative disorders are thought to be caused by psychological trauma (10% of U.S.)
1. specific disorders:
dissociative identity disorder
dissociative amnesia
depersonalization disorder
75
Q

eating disorders

A 
disruptive eating patterns that negatively impact physical and mental health (1-6% of U.S.; mostly females)
1. specific disorders:
anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
binge eating
pica
76
Q

neurocognitive disorders

A 
cognitive decline in memory, problem-solving, and perception
1. specific disorders:
Alzheimer's disease
delirium
dementia
amnesia
77
Q

sleep disorders

A 
interruption in sleep patterns
1. specific disorders:
insomnia
narcolepsy
sleepwalking disorder
78
Q

somatoform disorders

A 
symptoms that can't be explained by a medical condition, substance use, and are not attributable to another mental disorder (0.2-2% of U.S.)
1. specific disorders:
conversion disorder
somatiziation disorder
hypochondriasis
body dysmorphic disorder
pain disorder
79
Q

substance related disorders

A

substance abuse and physical and mental dependence
1. specific disorders:
alcohol abuse
drug abuse

80
Q

panic disorder

A

person has suffered at least one panic attack and is worried about having more. Panic attacks can be cued by certain situations, but are more often uncued and occur frequently and unexpectedly

81
Q

panic attack

A

person experiences intense dread, shortness of breath, chest pain, choking sensation, and cardiac symptoms (rapid heartbeat and palpitations); can be confused with having a heart attack

82
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

person feels tense or anxious most of the time about many issues, but doesn’t experience panic attacks. Source can change or be unidentifiable; distress may include restlessness, tiring easily, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, and insomnia or restless sleep

83
Q

phobias

A

can be specific or social
sufferer feels a strong fear that is recognized to be unreasonable; experience general anxiety or a full panic attack with confronted with the feared object or situation

84
Q

OCD

A

have obsession, compulsions, or both

85
Q

obsessions

A

repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that cause distress or anxiety; person knows thoughts are irrational and tries to disregard or suppress them, or to neutralize them through compulsive behavior

86
Q

compulsions

A

repeated physical or mental behaviors that are done in response to an obsession or in accordance with a set of strict rules, in order to reduce distress or prevent something dreaded from occurring. ex) Anna-Kat’s stair stepping

87
Q

schizophrenia

A

a chronic, incapacitating disorder by which a person is out of touch with reality (psychotic) and suffers material impairment in social, occupational, or personal functioning. Person has suffered at least 2 clear symptoms of psychosis for a sig. portion of 1 month, along with less extreme symptoms for at least 6 months

88
Q

positive psychosis symptoms

A

something has been added

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior

89
Q

negative psychosis symptoms

A

something has been removed
reduced or absent emotional expression, flat or blunted affect, reduced quantity or fluency of speech, reduced initiative or will to do things (avolition)

90
Q

hallucination

A

a false sensory perception that occurs while a person is conscious; occur in the absence of related sensory stimuli

91
Q

illusions

A

misperceptions of actual sensory stimuli

92
Q

delusion

A

a false belief that’s not due to culture, and isn’t relinquished despite evidence that it’s false. ex) person thinks they’re a god.

93
Q

types of delusions

A 
grandeur
guilt
ill health
jealousy
control (manipulation by an outside influence)
persecution
poverty
reference (being talked about)
thought control (mind control)
94
Q

mood disorders

A

a persisitent pattern of abnormal mood serious enough to cause sig. personal distress and/or sig. impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning

95
Q

affect

A

a person’s visible emotion in the moment

96
Q

mood

A

a person’s sustained internal emotion that colors their view of life

97
Q

major depressive disorder

A

person has suffered one or more major depressive episodes; person has felt worse than ususal for most of the day nearly every day for at least 2 weeks
has also had at least 5 of the following: depressed mood, decreased interest in activities, sig. in crease or decrease in weight/appetite, excessive/insufficient sleep, speeded/slowed psychomotor activit, fatigue/loss of energy, feelings of low self-worth/guilt, impaired concentration/decision making, suicidal

98
Q

bipolar disorder

A

experience cyclic mood episodes at both extremes of depression: depression and mania
2 types: I and II

99
Q

bipolar I disorder

A

experienced at least one manic or mixed episode

100
Q

manic episode

A

experience an abnormal euphoric, unrestrained, or irritable mood with at least 3 of the following:

  • grandiose, exaggerated, or delusional self-esteem
  • high energy with little need for sleep
  • increased talkativeness and pressured speech
  • poor judgement; increased psychomotor and goal-directed activity
  • distractibility with flight of ideas or racing thoughts
101
Q

mixed episode

A

person has met symptoms for both major depressive and manic episodes nearly every day for at least a week and the symptoms are severe enough to cause psychotic features, hospitalization, or imparied work, social, or personal function

102
Q

bipolar II disorder

A

manic phases are less extreme; experience cyclic moods including at least 1 major depressive episode and 1 hypomanic episode, and no manic or mixed episodes

103
Q

hypomanic episod

A

for at least 4 days, a person has experienced abnormally euphoric or irritable mood, with at least 3 of the symptoms for a manic episode but at a less severe degree
no psychosis or delusion

104
Q

dissociative disorder

A

disruptions in awareness, memory, and ID are extreme and/or frequent; cause distress or impairment in persons’ functioning.
can be triggered by severe stress or psychological conflicts and usually begin and end suddenly

105
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

experience at least 1 episode of suddenly forgetting some important personal info, usually related to severe stress or trauma
amnesia is often localized (memory loss of a particular time period)
can be selective, generalized, or systematized (ex. forgetting everything related to the person’s fam.)

106
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

alternates among 2 or more distinct personality states or identities
only one of which interacts with other people at any one time
identities may vary in age, gender, and personality traits and they may or may not be aware of one another

107
Q

personality disorder

A

an enduring, rigid set of personality traits that deviates from cultural norms, impairs functioning, and causes distress either to the person with the disorder or to those in their life

108
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

mistrusts and misinterprets others’ motives and actions without sufficient cause
suspects of people decieving, harming, betraying, or attacking them
guarded, tense, self-sufficient

109
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

a loner with little interest or involvement in close relationships
unaffected by emotions

110
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

constricted or inappropriate affect; magical or paranoid thinking; odd dbeliefs, speech, behavior, appearcance, and perceptions
no confidants other than family members
may develop schizophrenia

111
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

history of serious behavioral probs beginning as a young teen
sig. aggression against people or animals
deliberate property destruction
lying/theft/rule violation
disregarding the rights of others in various ways

112
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

enduring or recurrent instability in their impulse control, mood, and image of self and others
impulsive and reckless behavior, extreme mood swings, reactivity, and anger; can lead to unstable relationships
terrified of abandonment; feeling empty; unstable sense of self; self harm and suicidal

113
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

strongly desires to be the center of attention and often seeks to attract attn through personal appearance and seductive behavior
expressions of emotions are dramatic; emotions are shallow and shifting; believes relationships are more intimate than they actually are
person may be suggestible and vague in their speech

114
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A 
feels grandiosely self-important 
fantasies of beauty, brilliance, and power 
desperate need for admiration 
feel envy toward and from others
lack empathy for others
exploit others 
feel entitled, arrogant, and haughty
115
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

feels inadequate, inferior, and undesirable; preoccupied with fears of criticism
feels ashamed and avoids interpersonal contact, risks and new activities unless certain of being liked by others
restrained and inhibited in relationships

116
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

feels a need to be taken care of by others and an unrealistic fear of being unable to care for oneself
trouble with assuming responsiblity and making decisions
preferring to gain approval by making others responsible and seeking others’ advice and reasurance
submissive, clingy, and afraid to express disagreemen in relationships
seek new relationship once another has been lost
will tolerate abuse to avoid abandonment

117
Q

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

A

may not have true obsessions or compulsions, but may accumulate money or worthless objects
perfectionistic, rigid, stubborn, need for control interpersonally and mentally
resists others’ authority; won’t cooperate with or delegate to others unless things are done their way
workaholic and moralistic beyond level of surrounding culture or religion
may be depressed and have trouble expressing affection
preoccupied with orderliness and list-making

118
Q

dementia

A

severe loss of cognitive ability beyond what would be expected from normal aging

119
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

most prevalent form of dementia
characterized behaviorally by an inability to form new memories
visual memory may be impaired as well, may be confused with regard to orientation
cortical disease caused by neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
can be caused by abnormalities in NT Ach activity in hippocampus

120
Q

cortical disease

A

affects the cortex (outermost tissue of the brain)

121
Q

neuritic plaques

A

hard formations of beta-amyloid protien involved in A.D.

122
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

clumps of tau protein involved in A.D.

123
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

movement disorder caused by death of cells that generate dopamine in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra
resting tremor, slowed movement, rigidity of movement of face, shuffling gait
language is typically spared
depression and visual-spatial probs may arise
eventually experience dementia
L-dopa treatments used b/c can pass the blood brain barrier

124
Q

attitude

A 
person's feelings and beliefs about other people or events around them, and their  tendency to react behaviorally based on those underlying evaluations
3 main components:
1. affect (emotion)
2. behavior tendencies
3. cognition
125
Q

attitude influencing behavior

A

when social influences are reduced
when general patterns of behavior, rather than specific behaviors are observed
when specific, rather than general, attitudes are considered
when attitudes are made more powerful through self-esteem

126
Q

principle of aggregation

A

an attitude affects a person’s aggregate or average behavior, but not necessarily each isolated act

127
Q

behaviors influencing attitude

A

role playing
public declarations
justification of effort

128
Q

justification of effort

A

when people modify their attitudes to match their behaviors

129
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

explains that we feel tension whenever we hold 2 thoughts or beliefs that are incompatible, or when attitudes and behaviors don’t match.
in order to reduce this feeling of tension, we make our views of the world match how we feel or what we’ve done

MCAT Psychology/Sociology (5 decks)

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