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MCAT Psychology/Sociology > Learning, Memory, and Behavior > Flashcards

Learning, Memory, and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Nonassociative learning

A

occurs when an organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus

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2
Q

Habit

A

an action that is performed repeatedly until it becomes automatic

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3
Q

Dishabituation

A

occurs when the previously habituated stimulus is removed; the person is no longer accostumed to the stimulus

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4
Q

Sensitization

A

there’s an increase in responsiveness due to either a repeated application of a stimulujs or a particularly aversive or noxious stimulus; stimulus produces a more exaggerated response

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5
Q

Associative learning

A

process of learning in which one event, object, or action is directly connected with another. 2 types

  1. classical conditioning
  2. operant conditioning
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6
Q

Classical (respondant) conditioning

A

2 stimuli are paired in such a way that the response to one of the stimuli changes. ex) Pavlov’s salivating dogs

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7
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

stimulus that initially doesn’t elicit any intrinsic response

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8
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

stimulus that elicits an unlearned response; like a reflex

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9
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

more of a reflex; biological response

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10
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

an originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus until it can produce the conditioned response.

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11
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

the learned response to the conditioned stimulus; occurs without the unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Processes of classical and operant conditioning

A 
acquisition
extinction
spontaneous recovery
generalization 
discrimination
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13
Q

Acquisition

A

process of learning the CR; US and CS are always paired

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14
Q

Extinction

A

CS and US are no longer paired; CR eventually stops occurring

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15
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

when extinct CR occurs again when the CS is presented after some period of time

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16
Q

Generalization

A

stimuli other than the original CS elicit the CR

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17
Q

Discrimination

A

occurs when the CS is differentiated from other stimuli; CR occurs only after CS

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18
Q

Taste-aversion

A

caused by nausea and/or vomiting; learned association that’s adaptive in nature

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19
Q

Operant (instrumental) conditioning

A

uses reinforcement and punishment to mold behavior and eventually cause associative learning

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20
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

“Skinner box”; operant conditioning chamber experiments with rats

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21
Q

Reinforcement

A

anything that will INCREASE the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated.
instructs what TO do

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22
Q

+ reinforcement

A

+ stimulus that occurs immediately following a behavior; adds something desirable
hippocampus involved

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23
Q
  • reinforcement
A

removes a negative stimulus immediately following a behavior

amygdala involved

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24
Q

Unconditioned (primary) reinforcers

A

integral for survival; innately satisfying/desirable; ex) food as + reinforcer, and removing pain as - reinforcer

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25
Q

Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers

A

learned to be reinforcers through classical conditioning

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26
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

operant conditioning relies on this; can be:
continuous
intermittent

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27
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

results in rapid aquisition and rapid extinction

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28
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

results in slower aquisition and great resistance to extinction

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29
Q

4 intermittent reinforcement schedules

A

fixed-ratio
variable-ratio
fixed-interval
variable-interval

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30
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

reinforcement given after set # of instances of the behavior

subject will demonstrate a high rate of response

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31
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

reinforcement given after unpredictable # of responses

subject will demonstrate a high rate of response

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32
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

reinforcement given after a set period of time that is constant
subject’s behavior will increase as the time frame nears

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33
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

reinforcement given after an inconsistent amount of time

slow, steady behavior produced from subject

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34
Q

punishment

A

the process by which a behavior is followed by a consequence that DECREASES the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
instructs what NOT TO do

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35
Q

+ punishment

A

pairing of a negative stimulus with the behavior; adding something negative

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36
Q
  • punishment
A

the removal of a reinforcing stimulus after the behavior has occurred.

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37
Q

Escape operant learning

A

an individual learns how to get away from an aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behavior; type of - reinforcement ex) temper tantrum when kid is given veggies to eat

38
Q

avoidance operant learning

A

when a person performs a behavior to ensure an aversive stimulus is not presented; type of - reinforcement
ex) kid pretends to be sick to avoid eating veggies

39
Q

observational learning/social learning/vicarious learning

A

learning through watching and imitating others

40
Q

modeling

A

basic mechanism of observational learning; observer sees the behavior being performed by another person. Later, w/ the model in mind, the observer imitates the behavior observed.

41
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Bobo doll experiments

42
Q

Persuasion

A

one method of attitude and behavior change.

43
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A 
when people will be influenced by the content of a speech, and when people will be influenced by the superficial characteristics of a speech
3 element:
1. message characteristics
2. source characteristics
3. target characteristics
44
Q

cognitive persuasion routes (2)

A 
central route (when ppl are persuaded by the content of the speech)
peripheral route(fxns when ppl focus on superficial ccharacteristics of a speech or orator)
45
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

theory of behavior change that emphasizes the interactions between people and their environment. Focuses on how we interpret and respond to external events, and how our past experiences, memories, and expectations influence our behavior

46
Q

social factors

A

observational learning

47
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A
  1. ppl choose their environments which in turn shape them
  2. personality shapes how ppl interpret and respond to their environment
  3. a person’s personality influences the situation to which he/she then reacts
48
Q

behavioral genetics

A

attempts to determine the role of inheritance in behavioral traits; nature vs. nurture

49
Q

moro (startle) infancy reflex

A

infant startled after a loud noise or sudden movement

50
Q

rooting infancy reflex

A

baby turns head towards nipple when stroked on cheek

51
Q

sucking infancy reflex

A

baby starts sucking when something touches roof of mouth

52
Q

babinski infancy reflex

A

baby’s big toe moves up other toes fan out after bottom of foot is stroked

53
Q

tonic neck infancy reflex

A

when baby’s head is turned to one side, arm will stretch out to that side while other arm bends at elbow

54
Q

palmar grasp infancy reflex

A

baby’s hand will grasp when palm is stroked

55
Q

walking/stepping infancy reflex

A

baby will attempt to walk when feet are touching a flat surface

56
Q

reflexive movements

A

primitive, involuntary movements that serve to ‘prime’ the neuromuscular system

57
Q

rudimentary movements

A

first voluntary movement performed by a child; ‘pre-programmed’ movements ex) sitting, rolling, crawling

58
Q

fundamental movements

A

child learns to manipulate their body through actions such as running, jumping, throwing, and catching. highly influenced by environment

59
Q

specialized movements

A

children learn to combine fundamental movements to apply them to specific tasks. 2 substages

  1. transitional (combo of movements occur)
  2. application ( conscious decisions to apply skills to a specific activity)
60
Q

lifelong application stage

A

movements are continually refined and applied to normal daily activities as well as recreational and competitive activities.

61
Q

infantile amnesia

A

inability to remember much of what happened before 3.5 years of age.

62
Q

Harry and Margaret Harlow

A

monkey experiments; cloth monkey mom vs. wire monkey mom with food

63
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

experiments involving insecure/secure attachment between moms and babies

64
Q

Securely attached infants

A

play and explore in presence of mom; stress when mom leaves; seek contact with mom when she returns

65
Q

Insecurely attached infants

A

cling to mom instead of play and explore; cry when mom leaves or are indifferent when she leaves; cry when mom returns or are indifferent when she returns

66
Q

encoding

A

process of transferring sensory info into our memory system

67
Q

serial position effect

A

when memorizing a series, the first (primacy) and last(recency) parts can be immediately recalled

68
Q

mnemonic

A

any technique for improving retention and retrieval of info from memory

69
Q

rehearsal

A

memory aid using phonological loop

70
Q

chunking

A

strategy to remember info by organizing it into discrete groups of data. can memorize up to 7 individual items at a time.

71
Q

memorizing with hierarchy strategy

A

categorizing different info by what it all has in common

72
Q

dual coding hypothesis

A

it’s easier to remember words with associated images than either words or images alone

73
Q

method of loci

A

physical location of where learning certain info happened, and imagining going back to that place

74
Q

sensory memory

A

very brief snapshot that quickly fades

75
Q

iconic memory

A

brief photographic memory

76
Q

echoic memory

A

sound memory

77
Q

short term memory

A

when new information sought to be remembered temporarily resides in the hippocampus and is then encoded into long term memory or is decayed

78
Q

long term memory

A

info that’s retained

79
Q

implicit (procedural) memory

A

refers to conditioned associations and knowledge of how to do something; muscle memory; takes practice

80
Q

explicit (declaritive) memory

A

involves being able to regurgitate info; 2 subdivisons

  1. semantic
  2. episodic
81
Q

semantic memory

A

memory for factual info

82
Q

episodic memory

A

autobiographical memory for info of personal importance ex) a first kiss

83
Q

brain structures involved in memory

A

hippocampus (encoding of new explicit memories)
cerebellum (learning skills and conditioned associations/implicit memory)
amygdala (associating emotion with memories)

84
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to encode new memories

85
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recall info that was previously encoded

86
Q

proactive interference

A

happens when info previously learned interferes with the ability to recall info learned later

87
Q

retroactive interference

A

happens when newly learned info interferes with the recall of previously learned info

88
Q

positive transfer

A

when old info facilitates learning of new info and vice versa

89
Q

schema

A

a mental aspect of how things are; when we construct a memory, we tend to fill in the gaps by adding details that may not have been present at the time.

90
Q

source monitoring

A

how reliable the information’s source is

MCAT Psychology/Sociology (5 decks)

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