Interacting with the environment Flashcards
1
Q
Sensation
A
taking in information
2
Q
Attention
A
filtering out information
3
Q
Cognition
A
making complex decisions about info
4
Q
Behavior
A
Reacting
5
Q
Broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention
A
Sensory buffer->Selective filter (Unattended message doesn’t pass through)->higher level processing->working memory
6
Q
Cocktail party effect
A
Information of personal importance from previously unattended channels catches our attention
7
Q
Treisman’s Attentuation Model
A
Same as Broadbent Filter Model, except takes into account cocktail party effect
8
Q
Selective priming
A
people can be selectively primed to observe something, either by encountering it frequently or by having an expectation, and then become more likely to notice it when it occurs.
9
Q
Divided attention
A
performing multiple tasks simultaneously
10
Q
Resource Model of Attention
A
we have a limited pool of resources on which to draw when performing tasks
11
Q
3 factors associated with performance on multi-tasking
A
- task similarity
- task difficulty
- task practice
12
Q
Controlled tasks
A
require flexibility and drain more resources than ‘muscle memory’
13
Q
Information processing models
A
- attention
- perception
- storage into memory
14
Q
Working memory
A
strongly correlated with the prefrontal cortex
a storage bin to hold memories (short-term or long-term) that are needed at a particular moment in order to process info or solve a problem
15
Q
Baddeley’s model of working memory
A
- phonological loop
- visuospatial sketchpad
- episodic buffer
- central executive
16
Q
Jean Piaget
A
developmental psych in children
17
Q
schemas
A
Piaget; mental frameworks that shape and are shaped by our experience
18
Q
Piaget’s 4 developmental stages
A
- sensorimotor stage (0-2yrs)
- preoperational stage (2-7yrs)
- concrete operational stage (7-11yrs)
- formal operational stage(12+yrs)
19
Q
Object permanence
A
understanding that things continue to exist when they’re out of sight
20
Q
Conservation
A
idea that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape
21
Q
Trial and error
A
problem solving technique
22
Q
Algorithm
A
step by step procedure for problem solving
23
Q
Heuristics
A
mental shortcuts for problem solving
24
Q
insight
A
sudden flash of inspiration
25
Conformation bias
tendency to search only for info that confirms our preconceived thinking, rather than info that might not support it.
26
Fixation
an inability to see the problem from a fresh perspective
27
Mental set
a tendency to fixate on solutions that worked in the past though they may not apply to the current situation; may result in fixation.
28
Functional fixedness
tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging; type of fixation
29
Representativeness heuristic
tendency to judge the likelihoods of an event occurring based on our typical mental representations of those events. Gambler's fallacy falls into this.
30
Availability heuristic
tendency to make judgments based on how readily available info is in our memories
31
Belief bias
tendency to judge arguments based on what one believes about their conclusions rather than on whether they use sound logic.
32
Belief perseverance
tendency to cling to beliefs despite the presence of contrary evidence
33
Overconfidence
combo of intuitive heuristics and tendency to confirm preconceived beliefs; an overestimation of the accuracy of knowledge and judgments.
34
Information framing
how something is presented to the audience (called “the frame”) influences the choices people make about how to process that information. Ex) 75% lean meat vs. 25% fat meat
35
Consciousness
awareness that we have of ourselves, our internal states, and the environment; important for reflection and exerts control by directing our attention.
36
Reticular formation/Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Brain structures within the brainstem controlling alertness and arousal.
37
Polysomnography (PSG)
mulitmodal technique to measure physiological processes during sleep:
1. EEG
2. EOG
3. EMG
38
EEG (electroencephalogram)
measures of electrical impulses in the brain
39
EMG (electromyogram)
measures of skeletal muscle movements
40
EOG (electrooculogram)
measures of eye movements
41
EEG alpha waves
low amplitudes and high frequencies
person is ready to drift off
relaxed body, feeling drowsy, eyes closing
42
REM
rapid eye movement
43
Stage 1 sleep
```
non-REM sleep
EEG has theta waves
EOG has slow eye rolling movements
EMG has moderate activity
less responsive to stimuli and has fleeting thoughts
```
44
EEG theta waves
low to moderate intensity and intermediate frequency; occur during Stage 1 non-REM sleep
45
Stage 2 Sleep
theta waves with K complexes & sleep spindles
no eye movement
increased relaxation (decreased HR, respiration, and temp.)
46
EEG K complex
wave within theta waves during Stage 2 sleep
short duration
large
47
EEG Sleep spindles
wave within theta waves during Stage 2 sleep
short duration
bursts of waves
48
Stage 3 & 4 Sleep
```
slow wave sleep (SWS)
delta waves begin to dominate over higher freq. waves
deepest level of sleep
no eye movement
HR and digestion slow
GH secreted
```
49
EEG delta waves
high amplitude; low freq. signify deepest level of sleep
| begin in Stage 3 sleep
50
REM Sleep Stage "Paradoxical sleep"
- bursts of quick eye movement
- EEG show beta waves which are common in awake persons
- almost no skeletal muscle movement
- dreams
51
EEG beta waves
in awake people
low intensity; high freq
similar to waves during REM sleep
52
REM rebound
missing one night of REM sleet results in an increase in REM sleep later to make up for it
53
Manifest content
plotlines of dreams; what you remember or think of when you wake up
54
Latent content
Freud believed dreams were versions of underlying unconscious drives and wishes that are difficult to express.
55
Activation synthesis theory
suggests dreams are byproducts of brain activation during REM sleep; dreams are a platform for practicing consciousness development.
56
Dyssomnias
```
abnormailities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep
include:
-narcolepsy
-insomnia
-sleep apnea
```
57
Insomnia
most common sleep disorder
difficulty falling or staying asleep
persistent problem
can stem from chronic stress
58
Narcolepsy
overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods
without warning
dysfunction in the region of the hypothalamus that produces the NT called hypocretin
59
Sleep apnea
intermittently stop breathing during sleep
can be accompanied by heavy snoring
associated with obesity
60
Parasomnias
abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep
include:
-somnambulism
-night terrors
61
Somnambulism
sleep walking
occur during SWS (Stage 3) during the first 1/3 of the night
possible genetic predispositions
functions of pons in brainstem are lacking
likely to appear in children
62
Night terrors
occur during Stage 3 (nightmares occur during REM)
person might sit up, walk around, babble, and appear terrified
no recollection in the morning
functions of pons in brainstem are lacking
likely to appear in children
63
Depressants
include alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), and opiates
64
Barbiturates
depress the sympathetic nervous system; prescribed sleep aids
65
Opiates
morphine and heroin; depress neural functioning
| temporarily reduce pain by mimicking NT's like endorphins
66
Stimulants
include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines (speed)
increasing release of NT/reducing reuptake of NT/or both
67
Hallucinogens
psychedelics
distort perceptions in the absence of any sensory input
include LSD and marijuana
68
Psychological dependence
associated with the use of a drug in response to painful emotions related to depression, anxiety, or trauma.
69
Physical dependence
can be seen by withdrawl
| withdrawl is physical pain; sometimes dangerous and life-threatening
70
Addiction
biologically based; dopaminergic pathway is a natural pathway to a feeling of reward and pleasure
71
Nucleus accumbens
pleasure center of brain
72
Physiological arousal
excitation of the body's internal state; ex) pounding heart when surprised
73
Yerkes-Dodson Law
people perform best when they are moderately aroused
74
James-Lange Theory of emotion
physiological and behavioral responses lead to the cognitive aspect of emotion
75
Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion
physiological and cognitive responses occur simultaneously and are independent. They lead to a behavioral reaction.
76
Sachachter-Singer Theory of emotion
physiological arousal leads to cognitive interpretation, which leads to identifying the emotion and a behavioral response.
77
Amygdala
almond shaped structure in brain; emotion center; expression of fear and aggression
78
Limbic system
collection of the brain structures that lies on both sides of the thalamus; together, these structures appear to be primarily responsible for emotional experiences.
79
Hypothalamus
brain structure that controls the physiological aspects of emotion
80
Prefrontal cortex
located at the front of the brain
controls approach and avoidance behaviors
critical for temperament and decision making
associated with a reduction in emotional feelings (fear and anxiety)
81
Hippocampus
brain structure that plays a key role in forming memories
82
Executive functions
higher order thinking processes such as planning, organizing, inhibiting behavior, and decision making
83
Phineas Gage
railroad worker who had a metal rod go through his skull
damage to prefrontal cortex led to different behavior
speculate on prefrontal cortex's role in personality
84
Appraisal
how a stressful nature of an event is interpreted by the individual experiencing it.
85
Learned helplessness
when stress is accompanied by lack of control over stress-inducing events. Exhaustion and lack of belief in one's ability to manage situations
86
Language acquisition
the way infants learn to understand and speak their native language
usually the language used by their parents
not the process of learning a language in school
87
Skinner's behaviorist model of language acquisition
infants are trained in language by operant conditioning.
| associate an object with sounds the parents are making
88
Noam Chomsky and the language acquisition device (LAD)/Universal grammar (UG)
an innate feature unique to the human mind that allows people to gain mastery of language from limited exposure during the sensitive developmental years in early childhood
89
Broca's area
left hemisphere of frontal lobe
| involved in speech production
90
Broca's aphasia (expressive aphasia)
disorder where people lose the ability to speak
| they know what they want to say, but are unable to communicate it
91
Wernicke's area
posterior section of the temporal lobe in the dominant hemisphere (usually in the left)
involved in comprehension of speech and written language
92
Wernicke's aphasia (receptive aphasia)
disorder where people are incapable of producing meaningful language; speech production is not lost
