Additional Terms Flashcards
Children’s Parallel Play
Parallel play is a normal part of the behavior of preschool children, in which they will play by themselves but observe another child playing and adjust their behavior in response. Parallel play does not entail direct interaction between the children. As children reach school age, they are much more likely to engage in forms of play together.
Reliability
how consistent an outcome is; can be a correct or incorrect outcome
Validity
How well (accurately) a test measures what it’s supposed to measure
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norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society and have consequences if violated. Health behaviors (like seeking help for an acute medical illness) are standards of behavior that are necessary for the well-being of everyone; if a person does not seek help, they may be shunned by family members or friends.
Folkways
norms that govern everyday behavior (like holding a door open).
Taboos
are considered unacceptable by almost every culture (like cannibalism or incest).
Kinship of affinity
one in which individuals are related by choice, such as through marriage, rather than through blood, such as the other choices.
Anomie
refers to society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness.
Theory: states that individuals who experience weakened social values are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society.
Characteristics:
I. Rapid changes in society
II. Low levels of income
III. High heterogeneity
Negativity bias
is when the negative aspects of a situation are focused upon, not the good aspects.
Frontal Lobe
is primarily involved in reward, planning, motivation, and inhibitions. It also houses the motor cortex, which controls movement, but that is likely to be equally activated regardless of how well-known the piece of music is.
Temporal Lobe
The portion of the cerebral cortex that is just above the ears and that is involved in hearing, language processing, and memory.
Parietal Lobe
portion posterior to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch
is responsible for two main functions. First, it integrates sensory information to form a single perception (cognition). Second, it constructs a spatial coordinate system to represent the external world.
Occipital Lobe
that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying in the back of the head; is the visual processing center.
Corpus Collasum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
Cingulate Cortex
a part of the limbic system lying in cerebral cortex that processes cognitive information in emotion
Basal Ganglia
Large clusters of neurons, located above the thalamus and under the cerebral cortex, that work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements
nucleus accumbens
plays a central role in the reward circuit. Its operation is based chiefly on two essential neurotransmitters: dopamine, which promotes desire, and serotonin, whose effects include satiety and inhibition.
“thinning” during operant conditioning
refers to reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action.
Kübler-Ross emotional stages of going through death
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
“Death Always Brings Definite Acceptance”
Primary Aging
Aging related to biological factors and the physical body, like molecular changes
Secondary Aging
Aging that relates to behavioral factors like diet and exercise.
Within-Subjects Test
design controls for individual variations in a measurement by comparing the scores of a subject in one condition to the scores of the same subject in other conditions. Thus, each subject serves as his or her own control.
(1) increased power and (2) a reduction in error variance associated with individual differences.
Fundamental inferential statistics principle
as the number of subjects increases, statistical power increases. This is why it is always better to have more subjects
Between-Subjects Test
Different subjects serve as controls than as the experimental.