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Social, personality and abnormal year 2 > Personality lecture 2 > Flashcards

Personality lecture 2 Flashcards

The trait approach

1
Q

What are types and traits in terms of personality?

A
  • Types are discrete categories
  • Traits are placed along a continuum (how much of the trait they possess)
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2
Q

What does the trait theory assume? (2)

A
  • Personality characteristics are relatively stable over time
  • Traits are stable across situations
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3
Q

What did Gordon Allport find when examining the words used to describe people?

A

Identified 18000 words and 4500 described traits (clustered words describe the same area of personality)

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4
Q

What did Gordon Allport argue was the best approach for understanding personality?

A

Idiographic - considering individuals, not broadly applying things to everyone

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5
Q

What are 3 categories of traits according to Allport?

A
  • CARDINAL: single , dominant traits (heavily influences behaviour)
  • CENTRAL: 5-10 traits which describe a personality
  • SECONDARY: preferences, not core to personality (these can therefore be changed based on time and situation)
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6
Q

What was Raymond Cattel one of the first to do?

A

Use factor analysis to identify attributes which cluster together

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7
Q

What was Raymond Cattel interested in? (3)

A
  • How personality can predict behaviour
  • The role of genetics (constitutional traits) and experience (environmental-mold traits)
  • Investigating common traits
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8
Q

What are source and surface traits?

A
  • A source trait is an underlying trait that influences behaviour
  • A surface trait is the behaviours based on these traits that we can observe
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9
Q

What 3 types of data did Cattel collect from people when creating his traits?

A
  • L-data (life-record data)
  • Q-data (questionnaires)
  • T-data (standardised tests)
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10
Q

How many factors did Cattel identify that can define personality? How does the quality of prediction differ down the list of words?

A

16 - to create the 16PF
The ones at the top of the list are better at predicting behaviour (e.g. outgoing-reserved, intelligence…)

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11
Q

What were arts students higher in than science students using the 16PF, according to Furnham et al (2013)? (6)

A
  • Warmth
  • Sensitivity
  • Trusting
  • Abstractive
  • Imagination
  • Openness to change
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12
Q

What were science students higher in than arts students using the 16PF, according to Furnham et al (2013)? (2)

A
  • conscientiousness
  • perfectionism
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13
Q

What are 2 strengths of the 16PF?

A
  • used a lot in research
  • shows good predictability
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14
Q

What are 3 limitations of the 16PF?

A
  • internal consistencies of some factors were low
  • not many have been able to replicate the 16 factors with the same methodology
  • some evidence suggests that 16 factors can be reduced to 5
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15
Q

What are the 3 levels of Eysenck’s hierarchical model of personality?

A
  • Trait level
  • Habitual response
  • Specific response
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16
Q

What does Eysenck’s theory of personality suggest? (2)

A
  • Fundamental traits are biologically based BUT environment can impact on how traits are expressed
  • Personality is based on character, temperament, intelligence, physique and nervous system
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17
Q

What are the 3 personality types of ‘super traits’ suggested by Eysenck after observations?

A
  • Extraversion
  • Neuroticism
  • Psychoticism
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18
Q

What does Eysenck’s personality questionnaire (EPQ) measure?

A

neuroticism, extraversion and psychoticism

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19
Q

What are 3 things that have been found in studies using the EPQ?

A
  • ‘Criminals’ score high in E, N & P (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985)
  • Creative people score high on psychoticism (Eysenck, 1993, 1994) - this link is debated in research
  • Extroverts more willing to have sexual contact without commitment & report more sexual experience (Wright & Reise, 1997)
20
Q

What did Eysenck suggest that neuroticism was related to? (2)

A
  • Autonomic nervous system reactivity
  • This link also causes a link with anxiety
21
Q

What did Eysenck suggest about the tendency to respond very emotionally to stimuli?

A

It is seen as a predisposing condition to the development of a psychological disorder

22
Q

What are 4 strengths of Eysenck’s theory?

A
  • the 3 factors have been shown to be stable across time
  • cross-cultural validity of the EPQ
  • child version of the EPQ was developed
  • the theory has a significant application in mental health
23
Q

What are 2 limitations of Eysenck’s theory?

A
  • the psychoticism scale has low internal reliability
  • reducing personality down to 3 traits may be too simplistic
24
Q

What are the 5 features of personality that triat descriptors relate to in Goldberg et al’s five factor model of personality?

A
  • love
  • work
  • affect
  • power
  • intellect
25
Q

How were emic and etic approaches taken in Goldberg’s research into the five factor model?

A

Emic approach – personality terms found in native language
Etic approach – translated personality questionnaires

26
Q

What traits are in the big 5 (Costa and McCrae, 1985)?

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

27
Q

What test measures the big 5?

A

NEO-PI-R

28
Q

What did Hayes & Joseph (2003) find when comparing the big 5 to happiness levels and life satisfaction?

A
  • High Extraversion and low Neuroticism associated with higher happiness levels
  • Low Neuroticism and high Conscientiousness associated with higher life satisfaction
29
Q

What did Stoughton et al (2013) find when looking into the big 5 and its impact on badmouthing on social media and postings of substance abuse?

A
  • Lower levels of Agreeableness associated with ‘badmouthing’ on social media
  • High levels of Extraversion associated with social media postings of substance abuse (e.g. photos drinking alcohol)
30
Q

Why do we find geographical differences in the big 5 traits? (3)

A
  • social influence (norms)
  • ecological influence (physical characteristics of the place)
  • selective migration (certain types of people migrate more)
31
Q

What are the 3 traits in the dark triad?

A
  • narcissism
  • Machiavellianism
  • psychopathy
32
Q

What did Paulhus and Williams (2002) find when comparing the dark triad to the big 5?

A
  • low conscientiousness as dark triad people take shortcuts to get ahead
  • Low agreeableness as they are very anti-social
  • Psychopathy makes people less organised - neuroticism negative
  • Anxiety = neuroticism = low psychopathy
33
Q

What did Vedel and Thomsen (2017) find when they compared law + econ/business students to psych/political students on the dark triad trait of machiavellianism?

A
  • Econ/Bus students scored sig higher than all other students
  • Law students and Political Science students scored sig higher than Psychology students
34
Q

What did Vedel and Thomsen (2017) find when they compared law + econ/business students to psych/political students on the dark triad trait of narcissism?

A
  • Econ/Bus students scored sig higher than Political Science and Psychology students
  • No sig differences between law students and any other students
35
Q

What did Vedel and Thomsen (2017) find when they compared law + econ/business students to psych/political students on the dark triad trait of psychopathy?

A

no significant differences

36
Q

Where are the biggest effects seen overall Vedel and Thomsen (2017) found when they compared law + econ/business students to psych/political students on the dark triad traits?

A
  • Comparing Psychology students with Econ/Bus students on all three traits (Econ/Bus students higher)
  • Comparing Psychology students with Political Science students on Psychopathy (Political Science students higher)
37
Q

What is emotional manipulation and how does it relate to the dark triad?

A
  • Influencing others’ feelings and behaviours for the purpose of one’s own benefit
  • Correlational evidence that people high in DT rate themselves as more able to emotionally manipulate others (Austin et al, 2014)
38
Q

What did Hyde et al (2020) find when looking into emotional manipulation in the workplace - disingenuous manipulation and malicious?

A
  • Males and older people tend to do more malicious emotional manipulation
  • Males and more emotionally intelligent people do more disingenuous (need to be able to understand emotions to convince people effectively)
39
Q

What is disingenuous emotional manipulation?

A

Do something in a way that seems nice but with a darker reason behind it, e.g. complimenting someone so that you look like a nice person

40
Q

What is malicious emotional manipulation?

A

Using harsher punishments - e.g. leaving someone out or purposefully ignoring them

41
Q

What measures did Hyde et al (2020) use in their study into emotional manipulation in the workplace?

A
  • Trait Emotional Manipulation Willingness in General and at Work Scale (Hyde & Grieve, 2018)
  • Emotional Intelligence (awareness of own/others’ emotions)
  • Dirty Dozen Scale (Jonason & Webster, 2010) (measures the dark triad
42
Q

What is the extra element added to the dark triad to make the dark tetrad?

A

Sadism

43
Q

What is everyday sadism defined as?

A

“dispositional tendency to take pleasure in others’ suffering – as an additional dark personality operating in the subclinical domain” (Buckels, 2012, p. ii).

44
Q

What did Chabrol et al (2015) find when looking into the existence of a 4th trait in the dark triad/tetrad? (5)

A
  • all 4 traits correlated with each other
  • Low on all four (28%)
  • High on Machiavellianism and Sadism (29%)
  • High on Narcissism and Psychopathy (28%)
  • High on all four (15%)
45
Q

What are 4 issues with the trait approach?

A
  • it is data driven, no focus on theory
  • number of factors
  • labelling of factors - judgement and language
  • identified factors depend on the methods of data analysis (may be better developed in the future)

Social, personality and abnormal year 2 (16 decks)

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